Deck 4: Preventive and Health-Promoting Behaviours

Question 1

Educating women about the importance of having a regular clinical breast exam often depends on beliefs about _.

A) race
B) vulnerability
C) self-efficacy
D) religion
E) perceived barriers

Answer 1

perceived barriers

Question 2

Community-based programs that promote participation in colorectal cancer screening programs.

A) use social networks
B) educate only immigrants
C) educate all adults over the age of 50
D) use publicity in schools
E) educate only the Aboriginal population

Answer 2

use social networks

Question 3

Communications to adolescents and young adults about sunscreen use should emphasize

A) gains that sunscreen use will bring them.
B) that tanned skin is damaged skin.
C) long-term health risks.
D) short-term health risks.
E) tanning parlours as good choices.

Answer 3

gains that sunscreen use will bring them.

Question 4

Fitness levels of Canadian adults and children have significantly declined over the past 25 years.

Question 5

Effectively promoting the use of seat belts requires

A) enforcing penalties for non-use only in urban areas.
B) health education.
C) mechanical engineering.
D) therapeutic intervention.
E) parents to attend safety classes.

Question 6

Breast cancer and prostate cancer are similar in that

A) the likelihood of survival is high.
B) the average age of onset is increasing.
C) both are specific only to women.
D) both are a common cause of death in young adults.
E) the likelihood of survival improves with early detection.

Question 7

Lack of sun protective practices are lowest among which age group?

A) 15 to 24
B) 25 to 34
C) 35 to 44
D) 45 to 54
E) Over 55

Question 8

Because of social factors that encourage weight-related concerns, girls and women of all ages engage in more physical activity than do boys and men.

Question 9

The single greatest cause of accidental death is

A) occupational accidents.
B) drowning.
C) motorcycle and automobile accidents.
D) accidental poisoning or falls.
E) household accidents.

Question 10

Aerobic exercise involves activities.

A) low-intensity, short-duration
B) high-intensity, short-duration
C) low endurance
D) high-intensity, long-duration
E) low-intensity, long-duration

Question 11

Hands-free cell phone use while driving

A) is associated with significantly less performance deficits compared to hand-held cell phone use while driving.
B) holds no more risk than talking with passengers in the car.
C) is dangerous because it involves talking on the phone while driving.
D) is allowed in an emergency.
E) is risk free.

Question 12

Research on the cognitive benefits of exercise suggests that

A) engaging in moderate levels of aerobic exercise for as little as six months can significantly improve cognitive functioning in older adults.
B) regular cardiovascular exercise can improve cognitive functioning for children.
C) regular cardiovascular exercise can improve academic performance for adults and children of any age.
D) regular cardiovascular exercise can improve academic performance for children.
E) engaging in high intensity aerobic exercise is needed for any significant change.

Question 13

A typical exercise prescription is to accumulate moderate-intensity activity on most days of the week. or more minutes of

A) 15
B) 20
C) 60
D) 30
E) 45

Question 14

Breast cancer is the most common cause of deaths among Canadian women aged under ________.

A) 50
B) 45
C) 60
D) 40
E) 55

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a factor that reduces compliance with mammography recommendations?

A) Early detection of breast cancer through the use of mammography has had little effect on survival rates.
B) Older women have fragmented medical care.
C) Socio-economic status.
D) Minority women often do not have a regular source of health care.
E) Mammograms frequently are not a standard part of older women's medical care.

Question 16

The clinical breast exam is the most effective screening activity for breast cancer.

Question 17

People who engage in regular, vigorous exercise may reduce their risk of certain forms of cancer.

Question 18

Regarding injury prevention activities, parents

A) believe that the recommended steps really will avoid injuries.
B) feel it is the school's responsibility to teach safety skills to their children.
C) think that children will pick up safe habits from each other.
D) believe children will learn safe habits as they mature.
E) have an unrealistic sense of how much time will actually be involved.

Question 19

Child and youth head injury rates are lower in provinces where there is bicycle helmet legislation.

Question 20

cancer is the second highest cause of cancerous deaths in Western countries.

A) Breast
B) Prostate
C) Colorectal
D) Pancreatic
E) Skin

Question 21

Exercise programs with high rates of adherence are those that are _.

A) inexpensive
B) at the workplace itself
C) convenient
D) accessible
E) convenient and accessible

Question 22

Poor eating habits in adolescence and adulthood is likely to affect

A) the metabolic rate.
B) both the size and number of fat cells.
C) a propensity for fat storage.
D) the number of fat cells.
E) the size of fat cells.

Question 23

In the study in Nova Scotia, the students attending schools which had an intensive, multifaceted nutrition program

A) preferred unhealthy foods when out of school.
B) showed higher levels of physical activity only in school.
C) showed no changes in physical and cognitive domains.
D) showed the students became picky eaters.
E) showed lower rates of obesity.

Question 24

The best predictor of regular exercise is

A) regular exercise.
B) self-efficacy.
C) willpower.
D) gender.
E) accessible exercise settings.

Question 25

People who are more likely to exercise.

A) enjoy their form of exercise
B) are extroverts
C) are introverts
D) perceive themselves as book-worms
E) have no social support from friends to exercise

Question 26

Reducing dietary cholesterol may be associated with decreases in the incidence of disease and death due to heart disease.

Question 27

Regular exercise

A) has been consistently associated with improved cognitive functioning.
B) may initially facilitate attention, but this gain may be cancelled out by the effects of fatigue.
C) has not been found to have any effect on cognitive processes.
D) has been consistently associated with improved attention but not concentration.
E) decreases maximum oxygen consumption to the brain, slowing down brain function.

Question 28

Greater stress is linked to consuming more fatty foods and less fruits and vegetables.

Question 29

Poor diet has been linked with

A) strokes.
B) accidents.
C) coronary artery disease.
D) influenza.
E) osteoporosis.

Question 30

Approximately of Canadians over 12 consume the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables each day.

A) 25%
B) 60%
C) 10%
D) 45%
E) 35%

Question 31

Researchers investigating the effect of aerobic exercise on psychological functioning conclude that

A) exercise appears to have a modest effect on mood and well-being immediately after a workout.
B) whereas exercise is associated with improved mood, it has no effect on personality variables such as the self-concept and self-esteem.
C) the positive effect of exercise on mood is unrelated to increased self-efficacy.
D) whereas immediate improvements in mood and well-being are associated with aerobic exercise, long-term participation in an exercise program has an even stronger effect on mood and mental health.
E) there are no significant effects of exercise on psychological functioning.

Question 32

The most powerful determinant of what a family eats is

A) the husband's food preferences.
B) the children's food preferences.
C) health considerations.
D) the wife's food preferences.
E) who does the grocery shopping.

Question 33

The proportion of Canadians in the 10 provinces who were moderately active in their leisure time rose ________ from 1996-97 to 2005.

A) 3%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 9%
E) 1%

Question 34

Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that fat in the is an especially potent risk factor for diseases.

A) abdomen, hips, and buttocks
B) thighs
C) thighs and hips
D) hips and buttocks
E) abdomen

Question 35

Which of the following people is LEAST likely to exercise regularly?

A) Jill, a 15-year-old girl
B) Jacqueline, a 20-year-old woman
C) Juana, a 45-year-old woman
D) Joe, a 10-year-old boy
E) Jack, a 35-year-old man

Question 36

Successfully making dietary change depends upon

A) the perception that dietary change has important health benefits.
B) low motivation.
C) peer support.
D) family support.
E) low self-efficacy.

Question 37

In Canada, Aboriginal women appear to be vulnerable to obesity.

Question 38

People who are obese may avoid going to the doctor because

A) getting in and out of a car may be too difficult.
B) they feel guilty about their size.
C) getting in and out of the car is difficult and hospital gowns may not cover them.
D) hospital gowns may not cover them.
E) they perceive their risk for health problems as low.

Question 39

Self-efficacy has been found to be related to the positive effect derived from exercise in that

A) subjects with low self-efficacy beliefs reported more positive mood.
B) positive effect may help maintain the practice of exercise.
C) subjects with high self-efficacy are less likely to exercise.
D) subjects with low self-efficacy beliefs are more likely to exercise.
E) positive effect has not been found to predict subsequent self-efficacy beliefs.

Question 40

Which one of the following people is MOST at risk for becoming overweight or obese?

A) Sara, an 11-year-old who lives on an Aboriginal reserve
B) Annabelle, a 20-year-old who lives on the prairies
C) Jake, a 14-year-old who lives in Toronto
D) Sam, a 10-year-old immigrant living in Vancouver
E) Julie, a 15-year-old who lives in a small rural community

Question 41

Which of the following is true about insomnia?

A) Sleep involves waking dozens and even hundreds of times each night without being aware of it.
B) It does not contribute to high rates of accidents in the workplace.
C) People with insomnia have trouble going to sleep or staying asleep.
D) Insomnia may be associated with fitful snoring throughout the night.
E) Insomnia is caused by an air pipe blockage.

Question 42

Chronic partial sleep can result in all of the following except

A) decrease cortisol secretion.
B) adversely affect appetite regulation.
C) reduce the efficacy of flu shots.
D) increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
E) compromise the ability to secrete and respond to insulin.

Question 43

With respect to eating behaviours, stress

A) disinhibited dieters and led to increases in protein-enriched food intake.
B) may turn off eating altogether.
C) led to lower consumption of unhealthy food.
D) inclined people to eat more healthy foods.
E) may suppress physiological cues suggesting hunger.

Question 44

Multimodal programs to modify obesity do NOT include which of the following components?

A) Self-monitoring.
B) Cognitive restructuring.
C) Social support.
D) Exercise.
E) Gastric surgery.

Question 45

Very low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets

A) do a poor job in helping people lose weight initially.
B) are the hardest to maintain.
C) are effective for long term weight loss.
D) lack the daily required amount of carbohydrates and fats.
E) results in weight gain from overeating following food restriction.

Question 46

Dieting

A) repeatedly increases the likelihood of long-term weight loss.
B) has physiological, but not psychological, effects.
C) resulting in weight loss usually matches the expectations of the clients.
D) is most effective when dieters stick to an eating plan over a long period of time.
E) is a slow, but eventually effective, treatment for obesity.

Question 47

A national longitudinal survey of Canadian children from 1994 to 2002 found that as the ________ increased, child obesity rates declined.

A) number of parks in the neighbourhood
B) home town temperature
C) density of the neighbourhood
D) income level of the neighbourhood
E) distance from a major city

Question 48

Which of the following factors is NOT implicated in the development of obesity?

A) family history
B) values
C) style of eating
D) stomach size
E) place

Question 49

Abdominal fat that increases in response to stress is sometimes called

A) belly stress.
B) stress stomach.
C) stress weight.
D) midriff response.
E) watermelon gut.

Question 50

Evaluations of cognitive-behavioural weight-loss programs conclude that

A) such programs are unlikely to meet most people's needs because 95% of all diets fail.
B) such programs appear to be more useful for severely obese persons than for mildly obese persons.
C) such programs can be successful for helping people lose weight and maintain weight loss up to 3 years later, whether they are administered on an individual or group basis.
D) they are ineffective because most people have a weight set point that is not easily changed.
E) such programs produce only modest weight loss and maintenance of weight loss.

Question 51

Which one of the following people is MOST likely to report insomnia?

A) Aisha, who sleeps less than 6 hours each night.
B) Keren, who regularly takes sleeping pills.
C) David, who sleeps more than 9 hours a night.
D) John, who does not exercise very often.
E) Steven, who suffers from sleep apnea.

Question 52

According to your text, about _ or indirectly related to obesity.

A) $4.3 billion
B) $8.6 billion
C) $3.4 billion
D) $2.4 billion
E) $1.1 billion

Question 53

Repeated dieting can predispose the dieter to put on weight.

Question 54

Hormone suppresses appetite.

A) Insulin
B) Leptin
C) Oxytocin
D) Inulin
E) FSH

Question 55

Insomnia involves trouble going to sleep or staying asleep.

Question 56

In which stage of sleep does the body temperature drop, breathing slows, and blood pressure falls?

A) 2 and 3
B) 4 only
C) 3 only
D) 3 and 4
E) 5

Question 57

When people receive ghrelin injections, they

A) crave fatty foods.
B) feel very hungry.
C) feel no different than before the injections.
D) lose their appetite.
E) crave sweets.

Question 58

Appetite-suppressing drugs may cause participants to

A) suffer from long-term effects to their metabolic rate.
B) lose an insubstantial amount of weight.
C) reduce appetite and restrict food consumption.
D) regain weight slowly.
E) attribute any weight loss to the drug and not their own efforts.

Question 59

Gastric surgery to control extreme obesity

A) is usually reserved for people who have failed repeatedly to lose weight through dieting alone.
B) has many risks that are uncommon.
C) is usually reserved for people who are at least 100% overweight.
D) involves removing the stomach to reduce food intake.
E) has many uncommon side effects.

Question 60

How many stages does sleep consist of? is spent each year on health care costs directly

A) 6
B) 7
C) 4
D) 3
E) 5

Question 61

Obesity tends to run in families. Citing the research from the text, explain why this is so.

Question 62

Explain why exercise is beneficial for you. Include in your answer the physical and psychological outcomes associated with exercise.

Question 63

Discuss why using cell phones while driving can be just as dangerous as impaired driving.

Question 64

Explain why recommendations to reduce cholesterol are controversial. Include in your answer an explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a low-cholesterol diet.

Question 65

sleep can impair metabolic and hormonal function.

A) Too much
B) Poor
C) Stressed
D) Moderate
E) Normal

Question 66

As the text notes, people who are high in self-efficacy are more likely to adhere to exercise and
weight-loss regimens. Summarize the research investigating the relationship between self-efficacy, exercise, obesity, and weight loss.

Question 67

Suppose you are designing a program to be administered through the county health department to increase the frequency of mammograms among community residents. What techniques would be most effective to include in this program and why?

Question 68

Insomnia

A) is an indicator of chronic stress.
B) is an air pipe blockage that disrupts sleep and can compromise health.
C) causes some people to sleep very soundly.
D) is easy to diagnose.
E) has no effective treatment.