Deck 14: Psychoneuroimmunology, Aids, Cancer, and Arthritis Part 6 Toward the Future

Question 1

Evidence suggests support for the notion that immune functioning is impaired by

A) resilience.
B) hostility.
C) hardiness.
D) depression.
E) anxiety.

Answer 1

depression.

Question 2

Academic stress has been associated with

A) higher rates of infectious disease in adults but not children.
B) increases in natural killer cells.
C) decreases in total T, and lymphocytes.
D) increased immune functioning.
E) increased distress but few changes in immune functioning.

Answer 2

decreases in total T, and lymphocytes.

Question 3

Which of these is NOT a chronic psychosocial stressor?

A) childhood adversities
B) unemployment
C) job stress
D) a low socio-economic status
E) secure attachment

Answer 3

secure attachment

Question 4

Stress has been related to

A) delayed immune functioning.
B) slower wound healing.
C) immunocompetence.
D) rates of infectious disease in children and adults.
E) the development of herpes virus infections.

Question 5

Psychoneuroimmunology refers to the interactions among behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation.

Question 6

The links between social support and immune functioning

A) suggest that loneliness is not a risk factor for poor antibody response to influenza vaccination.
B) indicate that being newly separated or divorced positively impacts immunity.
C) are especially strong for adolescents.
D) are supported by studies showing social support prediction for greater NK cell activity.
E) are weak.

Question 7

HIV primarily attacks

A) platelets.
B) helper T cells and macrophages.
C) B cells.
D) natural killer cells.
E) leukocytes.

Question 8

Intense, short-term stressors

A) upregulate immune functioning in ways likely to ward off threats posed by pathogens.
B) are more dangerous than chronic stressors.
C) contribute to heart disease and declines in cognitive performance.
D) recruit cells that may help defend against wounds and infection.
E) affect most measures of immune functioning adversely.

Question 9

Research on relaxation for enhancing immunocompetence has found that ________ increased the number of circulating leukocytes and decreased cortisol.

A) group intervention programs
B) mindfulness meditation
C) a 20-minute leg massage
D) tai chi chih
E) Swedish massage

Question 10

Studies of personality and coping styles have found that the stress-immune functioning relationship is moderated by

A) pessimism.
B) external locus of control.
C) self-efficacy.
D) the fact that personality and coping styles do not moderate the stress-immune functioning relationship.
E) passive coping methods.

Question 11

Feelings of self-efficacy and the ability to exercise control over stressful events are associated with

A) more immunocompetence under stress.
B) less immunocompromise under stress.
C) more immunocompetence and immunocompromise under stress.
D) more immunocompromise under stress.
E) less immunocompetence under stress.

Question 12

may mute the adverse effects of stress on the immune system.

A) Stress management skills
B) Meditation
C) Relaxation training
D) Social contact
E) Repressing one's thoughts about the stressful event

Question 13

Studies have found impaired immune functioning among bereaved individuals, even if these individuals do not show evidence of depression.

Question 14

The quality of one's interpersonal relationships has been implicated in immunocompromise. Which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with physical and emotional illness?

A) Bereavement.
B) Loneliness.
C) Being an empty nester.
D) Divorce and separation.
E) Being single.

Question 15

Loneliness has an adverse effect on immune functioning.

Question 16

can trigger apoptosis (cell death) of white blood cells.

A) Dopamine
B) Cytokines
C) Testosterone
D) Aldosterone
E) Cortisol

Question 17

Studies with human subjects indicate that exposure to stressors is related to immunologic change.

Question 18

Psychoneuroimmunology refers to

A) the interactions among behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation.
B) the relationship between stress and psychology.
C) inflammatory and allergic reactions.
D) the activation of T cells through the secretion of cytokine.
E) the relationship between the immune system and psychology.

Question 19

Impaired immune functioning has been found in samples of adults who have experienced short-term marital conflict, marital separation, and divorce.

Question 20

Evidence suggests that some of the adverse effects of depression on immunity may be mediated by

A) hostility.
B) disturbed hypothalamic functioning.
C) poor maturation of the immune system.
D) overactive thyroid.
E) sleep disturbance.

Question 21

Intervention programs developed to work with IV drug users

A) should not include methadone programs as they don't work.
B) should be targeted towards reducing contact with infected needles.
C) should focus on individual psychotherapy interventions.
D) have found that needle exchange programs are ineffective.
E) should target individual drug users.

Question 22

According to the World Health Organization (2009), more than of cancer could be prevented by modifying or reducing risk factors such as tobacco use, obesity, low intake of fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, alcohol use, and sexual
Transmission of the HPV.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%
E) 60%

Question 23

A sense of is important in successful medication adherence and adjustment to AIDS.

A) self-monitoring
B) self-control
C) self-efficacy
D) self-achievement
E) self-esteem

Question 24

The majority of people diagnosed with AIDS appear to make positive changes in their health behaviours almost immediately after diagnosis.

Question 25

Ruma has been diagnosed with AIDS, and has little social support. What is likely to accompany AIDS?

A) depression
B) arthritis
C) asthma
D) anxiety
E) phobia

Question 26

Perceptions of self-efficacy, with respect to AIDS risk-related behaviour, have been related to

A) number of sexual partners.
B) frequency of condom use among university students.
C) frequency of condom use among gay men.
D) number of anonymous sexual partners.
E) frequency of visits to a primary physician.

Question 27

Research suggests that those who use the Internet in conjunction with managing their seropositive status than those not using the Internet.

A) had more social support and active coping skills
B) had less accurate HIV disease knowledge
C) had fewer active coping skills
D) had more HIV disease knowledge, active coping skills, and more social support
E) had less social support

Question 28

Past sexual practice is an important predictor of AIDS-related risk behaviour.

Question 29

According to the research cited in your text, which of the following patients would be expected to be better adjusted and most successful in coping with AIDS?

A) Tom, who has turned to alternatives to traditional medicine and feels that his holistic practitioner can best arrest the progression of the disorder.
B) Paul, who is confident that the medical personnel who staff his experimental treatment program are outstanding in the field and his best chance for survival.
C) John, who feels that he can control the disease and its symptoms and has taken personal responsibility for its treatment.
D) Rita, who feels hopeless about her future with AIDS.
E) Mary, who contracted AIDS through a transfusion and feels that she has no personal control over the disease.

Question 30

In Canada mortality rates for lung and prostate cancer in men, and breast and cervical cancer in women have increased between 1998 and 2007.

Question 31

All cancers result from

A) immunocompromise.
B) a reduction in DNA.
C) a dysfunction in DNA.
D) a dysfunction in RNA.
E) lifestyle factors.

Question 32

Condom use among adolescents

A) is independent of other behavioural problems such as drug and alcohol use.
B) is independent of peer norms.
C) appears to be increasing.
D) appears to be decreasing.
E) has been found to be related to peer norms and perceptions of personal efficacy.

Question 33

According to the Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (CIDPC), the numbers of AIDS cases are growing fastest among

A) minority women.
B) ethnic minorities.
C) all women.
D) gay men.
E) IV drug users.

Question 34

The most promising development in the treatment of AIDS is

A) protease inhibitors.
B) AZT.
C) an HIV vaccine.
D) DDI.
E) HIV prevention programs.

Question 35

Improving the effectiveness of AIDS education as a primary prevention strategy

A) should target inner-city women.
B) includes giving the education after a man has been dating his partner for six weeks.
C) includes starting in elementary school before sexual activity begins.
D) should include making AIDS education culturally sensitive.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 36

According to the text, whose germs are seen as less threatening?

A) Susan/Tom, your lover.
B) Lindsay, your co-worker.
C) Francoise, whom you met on the streets of Paris.
D) Tony, whom you have just met.
E) Sally, whom you dislike intensely.

Question 37

The fact that many cancers run in families may be explained by

A) lifestyle factors that may influence the development of cancer.
B) a genetically inherited predisposition to cancer.
C) a shared vulnerability to infectious agents implicated in the development of some cancers.
D) sociocultural development of cancer.
E) ethnic differences in the development of certain cancers.

Question 38

Evidence suggests that HIV counselling and education was an effective means of

A) reducing behaviours that might infect others.
B) raising awareness of the implications of HIV and alcohol use.
C) primary prevention for HIV+ individuals.
D) primary prevention for uninfected participants.
E) raising awareness of the implications of HIV and pregnancy.

Question 39

The most common mode of transmission of AIDS worldwide is via

A) bisexual sexual activity.
B) intravenous drug use.
C) heterosexual sexual activity.
D) homosexual sexual activity.
E) blood transfusions.

Question 40

Studies have found that beliefs about the self and the future are associated with the onset of AIDS in individuals with HIV.

A) neutral
B) negative
C) positive
D) individual
E) unrealistic

Question 41

The consequence of receiving chemotherapy in the same place by the same person under the same circumstances is

A) debilitating nausea.
B) unconditioned nausea.
C) conditioned immune suppression.
D) conditioned nausea.
E) impaired long-term compliance.

Question 42

Research on the association between depression and cancer has found that

A) there is little research supporting the notion that depression is linked to cancer progression.
B) increased levels of depression significantly increase the spread of cancer.
C) decreasing depression scores are associated with significantly longer cancer survival.
D) there is a modest but questionable association between depression and cancer mortality.
E) elevated neural endocrine responses associated with depression are unrelated to cancer development.

Question 43

A study of cancer patients conducted by Dunkel-Schetter and her colleagues (1992) found that patients who coped with their cancer-related problems via showed
More emotional distress.

A) emotion-focused coping
B) online support groups
C) cognitive escape-avoidant strategies
D) social support
E) distancing

Question 44

According to the Canadian Cancer Society, each year cancer causes approximately ________ deaths in Canada.

A) 42,600
B) 100,000
C) 20,000
D) 35,000
E) 78,000

Question 45

Lupus

A) can be managed by maintaining proper weight and taking aspirin.
B) is most common among people who avoid outdoor activity.
C) is most common among women of child-bearing age.
D) results from the buildup of uric acid in the body.
E) is more prevalent in rainy climates

Question 46

Peer counselling groups, such as Reach to Recovery, involve

A) a healthy person acting as an adviser to a newly diagnosed patient.
B) a well-adjusted patient acting as an adviser to a newly diagnosed patient.
C) groups of patients with the same disorder who discuss common issues and problems.
D) a well-adjusted patient counselling the newly diagnosed patient's family in social support skills.
E) one-on-one intensive psychotherapy.

Question 47

Several interventions have been employed to facilitate cancer patients' coping with chemotherapy. Which of the following interventions may be one way to help counteract the negative immunological effects of standard cancer treatments?

A) relaxation training
B) body massages
C) mindfulness-based stress reduction
D) expressive disclosure
E) dragon boat racing

Question 48

Osteoarthritis

A) involves the deterioration of cartilage in weight-bearing joints.
B) affects the small joints of the wrists, hands, and feet.
C) is caused by weight gain.
D) involves the destruction of the bone and muscle tissue of the joint.
E) only occurs in individuals over age 65.

Question 49

For cancer patients, social support

A) can be problematic as it makes them dependent on others.
B) brings to mind intrusive thoughts about the cancer.
C) improves social adjustment.
D) lowers their self-esteem.
E) improves immunologic responses.

Question 50

Stress may be linked to cancer via which of the following mechanisms?

A) Research findings are contradictory
B) Research is inconclusive
C) Active coping
D) NK cell inactivity
E) Immunocompromise

Question 51

Rheumatoid arthritis

A) affects older people.
B) is the least crippling form of arthritis.
C) has been associated with a perfectionist and depressed personality type.
D) is unrelated to immune function.
E) is relatively unaffected by stress and psychological variables.

Question 52

A lack of understanding may be particularly problematic when the person with arthritis

A) does not have any outwards signs of the disease.
B) does not communicate his/her physical limitations.
C) is having flare.
D) has to depend on others for support.
E) is an athlete.

Question 53

What is the psychosocial impact of AIDS? What factors can amplify or lessen this impact?

Question 54

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common form of arthritis in Canada.

Question 55

What is the psychosocial impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? How are psychosocial factors implicated in the course and treatment of RA?

Question 56

One of the most common complications of rheumatoid arthritis is depression.

Question 57

Research shows that cancer survivors may show elevated levels of cortisol due to

A) social maladjustment.
B) effects of medications.
C) worry about the future.
D) fear of recurrence.
E) excitement about improvement in health.

Question 58

Explain how stress is related to immunocompromise. Exactly how does the immune system respond to stress?

Question 59

What is the relationship among depression, loneliness, interpersonal conflict, and
immunocompromise? Do individual differences in coping styles affect this relationship? If so, how?

Question 60

How do psychosocial factors influence the initiation and course of cancer?