Deck 19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-century Society

Question 1

The British government,concerned with working conditions in the early 1800s,held a series of hearings and upon learning of conditions that existed in British factories:

A) immediately passed a set of labor laws that greatly improved the working conditions and wages of workers in 1830.
B) expressed sympathy but declared that because of British regulations protecting free market capitalism,nothing could be done.
C) suggested that workers organize themselves and appeal to the Church of England for relief.
D) realized the controversial nature of any move to regulate labor,but nevertheless passed several pieces of legislation to prohibit hiring children under the age of nine and to limit the hours worked by those under the age of eighteen.
E) passed the Reform Bill of 1832,which extended the franchise to all males and most women; the new Parliament elected outlawed child labor and set a minimum,livable wage.

Answer 1

realized the controversial nature of any move to regulate labor,but nevertheless passed several pieces of legislation to prohibit hiring children under the age of nine and to limit the hours worked by those under the age of eighteen.

Question 2

Continental Europe lagged behind Great Britain in industrializing due primarily to:

A) a lack of natural resources and capital to finance factories.
B) the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
C) an inexplicable decline in the birthrate throughout Europe.
D) a lack of interest in moving from the countryside to cities.
E) a change in climate that prompted massive immigration from Europe.

Answer 2

the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 3

One of the most important preconditions of industrialization that was best established in Great Britain was:

A) an extensive system of paved highways maintained by the government.
B) a small urban population.
C) its widespread railway system wholly owned by the government.
D) a commercialized system of agriculture.
E) a small rural population.

Answer 3

a commercialized system of agriculture.

Question 4

Even with the interconnectedness of industry,wherein an improvement in one area led to improvements in other areas,there was one dual foundation on which the rest was built; that foundation was:

A) steel and iron.
B) wheat and potatoes.
C) steam and speed.
D) capital and land.
E) corn and land.

Question 5

The British "navvies" were:

A) feminists who argued for "equal pay for equal work."
B) the construction workers who built the railways.
C) sailors of Her Majesty's navy serving in India.
D) the construction workers who built factories throughout the British empire.
E) natives who worked for British companies in the colonies.

Question 6

Great Britain began to lose its lead in the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century due to new industries being developed by other countries,industries such as:

A) explosives and iron.
B) chemical processes and energy.
C) transportation and energy.
D) iron and communications.
E) transportation and communications.

Question 7

Which statement best describes the Industrial Revolution?

A) It was centrally planned in Europe and developed evenly across the continent.
B) It took place with amazing speed throughout Europe within the course of a single generation.
C) Steam engines were very quickly adopted in the chemical,textile,and iron industries.
D) It was largely a planned event,building on centuries of technological accomplishments.
E) It was unplanned and affected different industries in different countries at different rates of speed.

Question 8

The Crédit Mobilier,founded in 1852,was:

A) a society created to monitor the price of European coal.
B) responsible for importing British textile technology to Europe.
C) the first credit union to be founded in the world.
D) the name given to a trade union of ironworkers.
E) one of France's first joint-stock investment banks.

Question 9

A central difference in the development of industrialization in Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and continental Europe on the other was the involvement of:

A) private companies in Europe and the exclusive involvement of government in Great Britain.
B) the Roman Catholic Church to the exclusion of government and private companies in Europe.
C) government through subsidies,incentives,and direct development in Europe.
D) foreign investors only in Great Britain and a mix of foreign and national investors in Europe.
E) the peasantry who moved to the urban centers and provided the needed labor on the Continent.

Question 10

There were many inventions that improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s,but the first of these was the "flying shuttle," which was invented by:

A) Samuel Compton.
B) James Hargreaves.
C) John Kay.
D) James Watt.
E) Matthew Boulton.

Question 11

One of the developments that hastened the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine,originally developed to remove water from mines by:

A) Thomas Newcomen.
B) James Hargreaves.
C) Matthew Boulton.
D) James Watt.
E) John Kay.

Question 12

By the late nineteenth century,the core industrial countries of Europe included:

A) Great Britain,France,and Greece.
B) France,Russia,and Italy.
C) Bulgaria,Russia,and Greece.
D) Great Britain,Germany,and Russia.
E) Germany,Italy,and Switzerland.

Question 13

Which pairing is correct?

A) Matthew Boulton-spinning jenny
B) Richard Arkwright-water frame
C) James Hargreaves-steam engine
D) George Stephenson-flying shuttle
E) Richard Corey-cotton gin

Question 14

One explanation for Britain's lead in the Industrial Revolution was that:

A) the majority of its entrepreneurs were from the aristocracy.
B) the government subsidized all rural industry.
C) the pursuit of wealth was perceived as a worthy goal in life.
D) Oxford and Cambridge produced a surplus of engineers.
E) Britain had been untouched by the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 15

The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world; the _________ was one of its many applications.

A) mining pump
B) railroad locomotive
C) factory loom
D) automobile
E) electrical generator

Question 16

The nineteenth-century banking revolution was accompanied by scandal; the greatest of the banks involved was the Péreire brothers' bank,the:

A) Belgian Société Générale.
B) Austrian Creditanstalt.
C) Banque de Paris.
D) Crédit Mobilier.
E) Crédit Agricole.

Question 17

The mining industry in England expanded rapidly with industrialization due to the increased demand for:

A) steel.
B) iron.
C) coke.
D) coal.
E) copper.

Question 18

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793,the cotton gin:

A) had little effect on the process of cotton textile manufacture.
B) produced sixteen threads at once.
C) combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame.
D) mechanically separated the seeds from the cotton fibers.
E) did the work of fifteen men.

Question 19

The rapid expansion of the textile industry in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had at least one unintended consequence: a revolution in:

A) marketing.
B) clothing.
C) shopping.
D) shipping.
E) all of these

Question 20

Great Britain's small size in the early stages of industrialization:

A) encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market.
B) severely hampered the development of a market economy.
C) aided in the establishment of foreign business monopolies in Great Britain.
D) caused Great Britain to lag behind continental Europe in developing industry.
E) allowed foreign investors to take over most English heavy industry.

Question 21

Fully one and a half centuries after industrialization began in Great Britain,the largest single occupational category was that of _________ workers.

A) iron
B) agricultural
C) railroad
D) textile
E) office

Question 22

Working people had an advocate for their plight in the writings of:

A) Honoré de Balzac.
B) Victor Hugo.
C) George Sand.
D) Guy de Maupassant.
E) Walter Scott.

Question 23

Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women's supposed moral superiority to their:

A) advanced capacity for abstract thought.
B) total lack of any ability for abstract thought.
C) lack of sexual feeling,or passionlessness.
D) ability to totally control their passions.
E) concentrated attention to spouse and children.

Question 24

The rapid growth of European cities such as Manchester,Birmingham,and Essen was due to:

A) their situation above large coal fields,which required large numbers of miners to extract.
B) the growth of the textile industry,located as they were in the cotton-growing area of southern Europe.
C) the expansion of the porcelain industry in the Netherlands and Belgium.
D) the expansion of local cultural centers that drew performers and audiences from across Europe.
E) the expansion of manufacturing and mining in the areas surrounding these places.

Question 25

Queen Victoria of England ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs,in no small measure because she:

A) met with her subjects regularly in very informal settings to find out what she could do to help them.
B) embodied the traits important to the middle class,whose habits of mind we now call Victorian.
C)waged a successful series of wars with virtually every nation in Europe to wipe out the last vestiges of Marxist thought.
D) bowed to public pressure and reestablished Roman Catholicism as the state religion of Great Britain.
E) returned to the principle of absolutism that had been abandoned by the British monarchy two centuries earlier.

Question 26

One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment.This was first noted in its effect on air quality,as typified by Coketown,the fictional city in the novel Hard Times by:

A) Charles Dickens.
B) George Eliot.
C) Honoré de Balzac.
D) Victor Hugo.
E) George Sand.

Question 27

The Great Famine of 1845-1849:

A) took place during a period when the Irish population was naturally declining.
B) affected only the Irish: it did not occur anywhere else in Europe.
C) was responsible for the deaths of at least one million Irish.
D) led to open class warfare between Irish peasants and their English landlords.
E) virtually wiped out the Irish population,allowing the English to take over the country as a colony.

Question 28

What determined the division of the working class into subgroups?

A) location of workplace
B) gender
C) skills and workplace
D) skills,wages,gender,and workplace
E) industry worked in

Question 29

One of the many environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution was:

A) air pollution caused by industries.
B) water pollution caused by population increases in urban centers.
C) air pollution caused by home heating with wood.
D) water pollution caused by mining detritus.
E) all of these

Question 30

Most of the labor force in Russia was made up of _________,who remained bound to the land and did not profit from their labor until 1861.

A) serfs
B) children
C) peasants
D) women
E) men

Question 31

One of the greatest obstacles to freely buying and selling land and the commercialization of agriculture in nineteenth-century Europe was:

A) antiquated record-keeping procedures present in most countries.
B) the continued effects of serfdom.
C) continuing warfare between France and the rest of Europe.
D) the famine that swept across Europe from Ireland.
E) the unwillingness of the aristocracy to part with their lands.

Question 32

Farmers and agricultural workers in England in the 1820s burned barns and haystacks under the banner of their mythical leader,Captain Swing,to protest:

A) the low prices they were receiving on the commodity exchanges in Europe.
B) the importation of cheap wheat from the Far East,which destroyed the British wheat market.
C) the skyrocketing prices of land,which forced many of them to continue living with their parents.
D) the introduction of threshing machines,a symbol of the new commercial agriculture.
E) the passage of new laws increasing the number of capital crimes.

Question 33

Middle-class "respectability" required:

A) hard work,character,and financial independence.
B) an education at Oxford or Cambridge.
C) a household containing at least five servants.
D) owning one's own business.
E) all of these

Question 34

In the nineteenth century,middle-class success stories were mostly a myth since:

A) the nineteenth century remained very stagnant as far as social mobility was concerned.
B) no one from the middle class ever broke through into the upper class; class distinctions were rigidly enforced by law.
C) they were entirely the creation of the popular novelists of the day.
D) Europe had,by that time,developed a truly classless society based on merit.
E) those that occurred were from the middle class itself,the sons of well-off farmers or professionals.

Question 35

The sexuality of working-class women was:

A) conditioned by poverty and the absence of privacy.
B) nearly identical to that of middle-class women.
C) of no concern whatsoever to middle-class reformers.
D) much stronger in the cities than in the countryside.
E) much stronger in the countryside than in the cities.

Question 36

By the mid-nineteenth century,the world economy had divided into two major groups:

A) the producers of fine,luxury goods and those who produced the ordinary consumer goods.
B) those who produced manufactured goods and those who supplied the necessary raw materials.
C) countries that provided the financing for industrialization and those that produced.
D) wealthier countries and the rest of the world which the first group supported through grants.
E) those who produced the goods and those who consumed them.

Question 37

The domination of the world by European industry was,in general,a result of:

A) the use of military force and financial agreements.
B) the Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
C) patented improvements in the iron industry.
D) the abolition of the European peasantry through enclosure.
E) the patents held by Europeans for the machinery needed to industrialize.

Question 38

The "angel in the house" referred to:

A) any domestic servant.
B) prostitutes who worked in the area of Parliament.
C) middle-class women of Victorian England.
D) a domestic servant who carried on an affair with the master of the house.
E) a governess hired to care for the family's children.

Question 39

In nineteenth-century society,the "middle class" was unified by similar or common:

A) income.
B) material possessions.
C) religion.
D) values.
E) family ties.

Question 40

Direct communication between the United States and Europe was not possible until:

A) 1825.
B) 1848.
C) 1865.
D) 1883.
E) 1900.

Question 41

Wealth had the central role in forming a middle-class identity.

Question 42

Balzac believed the changes of the French Revolution and industrialization had merely replaced an old aristocracy with a new one: a materialistic middle class.

Question 43

Of all the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution,perhaps the most revolutionary was in the new forms of energy that were discovered.

Question 44

What social,economic,and natural preconditions for industrialization made Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 45

While the housing in the cities did not allow for gardens,families were able to gain access to good,cheap food at city markets,thanks to the increasingly inexpensive transportation systems.

Question 46

The Industrial Revolution intensified human labor much more often than it eased it.

Question 47

Railways were constructed almost entirely without aid of machinery.

Question 48

The Industrial Revolution led to the development of a great many capital-intensive enterprises,new ways of organizing people's labor,and the rapid growth of cities.

Question 49

Only after a series of factory acts was the employment of children in mines and mills under the age of eighteen made illegal.

Question 50

In what ways did the Continent attempt to reproduce by design what Britain had produced by chance in the Industrial Revolution?

Question 51

Britain's cotton industry was a direct result of the tariffs protecting the British wool industry,which prohibited imports of Indian cottons.

Question 52

The first modern railway connected Stockton to Manchester to transport coal from the mines.

Question 53

Most prostitutes were women who were trying to manage during a period of unemployment,rather than professional sex workers.

Question 54

How did changing textile industry technologies impact society?

Question 55

As a result of the Industrial Revolution,people of the nineteenth century viewed one another through the lens of:

A) class.
B) wealth.
C) birth.
D) religion.
E) national origin.

Question 56

Children commonly worked from a very young age; most in Britain worked in:

A) shipyards.
B) textile plants.
C) mines.
D) domestic service.
E) rail yards.

Question 57

While the spinning mule could make two to three hundred times as much thread as a hand spinner could,the quality of the new thread was weaker and thicker.

Question 58

In 1860,the largest single occupational category in Great Britain was the agricultural laborer.

Question 59

Illegitimacy in preindustrial Europe was in the very low single digits but rose significantly-to 25 and 33 percent in some countries-following industrialization.A primary cause of this was:

A) simply the increase in population: more people,more illegitimacy.
B) a complete collapse of the moral code of Europeans.
C) the degeneration of social controls present in villages but missing in urban centers.
D) a shift in moral thinking which determined that more workers were needed regardless of parentage.
E) a falling away from religion such that very few people were marrying any more.

Question 60

The Industrial Revolution caused changes in which of the following areas?

A) the nature of work
B) the physical landscape of Europe
C) the private lives of people
D) wealth and poverty
E) all of these

Question 61

What was the effect of industrialization on the city?

Question 62

What factors were behind the population growth of the nineteenth century?

Question 63

What changes occurred in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 64

What was the impact of industrialization on the countryside?

Question 65

How accurate is the image of "passionless" Victorian sexuality,and why was such an image cultivated?

Question 66

What was the role of working women in the Industrial Revolution,and what impact did it have on their lives?

Question 67

What was the impact of the ideals behind "the Cult of Domesticity" on women in the nineteenth century?