Deck 16: The Criminal Justice System

Question 1

The _______________________________ sets out and guarantees citizens certain rights and privileges when they are accused of crime.

Answer 1

law of criminal procedure

Question 2

According to the _________________ model,dealing effectively with crime requires attacking its root causes.

Answer 2

rehabilitation

Question 3

The____________________ model suggests that people commit crimes through no fault of their own.Instead,criminals themselves are the victims of social injustice,poverty,and racism;their acts are a response to a society that has betrayed them.

Answer 3

rehabilitation

Question 4

The _____________________ analyzed the American justice system in detail and helped usher in the era of treatment and rehabilitation.

Question 5

The Wickersham Commission analyzed American justice and helped to usher in what era?

A)era of nonintervention
B)era of treatment and rehabilitation
C)era of crime control
D)era of due process

Question 6

Advocates of the __________________ model believe in individualized justice,treatment,and rehabilitation of offenders and view themselves as protectors of civil rights.

Question 7

The idea that the punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve for their crimes is called ______________________.

Question 8

At a defendant's ____________________,formal charges are read,the accused is informed of constitutional rights,bail is considered and a trial date set.

Question 9

Patterns of cooperation among judges,prosecutors,and public defenders are referred to as the ______________________.

Question 10

The __________________________ refers to agencies of government charged with enforcing law,adjudicating criminals,and correcting criminal conduct.

Question 11

Decision making and ______________ mark each stage of the criminal justice process.Thus,the criminal justice system is similar to an assembly line.

Question 12

The ________________ model suggests that the more the government intervenes in the lives of people,the greater the harm done to their future behavior patterns.As such they advocate for diversion,decriminalization and deinstitutionalization.

Question 13

What prompted the development of formal agencies of criminal justice in the nineteenth century?

A)the Civil War
B)the rising number of murders in port cities
C)rampant alcohol abuse
D)criminal gangs and groups

Question 14

Those who believe in the model maintain that the true purpose of the criminal justice is to promote a peaceful,just society;the advocate peacemaking,not punishment.

Question 15

Advocates of the _______________________ model believe that the overriding purpose of the justice system is to protect the public,deter criminal behavior,and incapacitate known criminals.

Question 16

The criminal justice process begins with the _________________ an offender has with police and ends with the offender's reentry into society.

Question 17

The ________________________ acted as a citizen's advocate group and kept track of the activities of local justice agencies.With its creation,the work of the criminal justice system began to be recognized.

A)Wickersham Commission
B)Chicago Crime Commission
C)American Bar Association
D)President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice

Question 18

When were the components of criminal justice first conceived of as a "system?"

A)after the Wickersham Commission
B)after the Chicago Crime Commission
C)after studies conducted by the American Bar Foundation
D)after the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice

Question 19

In about half the states and in the federal system,the decision of whether to bring a suspect to trial (indictment)is made by a group of citizens brought together to form a __________________.

Question 20

In 1829,the first recognized police agency which was developed to keep the peace and identify criminal suspects was:

A)New York Police Department
B)Boston Police Department
C)London Metropolitan Police
D)French National Police

Question 21

According to the equal justice model,punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve for their crimes.This concept is known as:

A)just deserts
B)discretion
C)procedural fairness
D)equal protection under law

Question 22

The United States criminal justice system is monumental in size and is expensive to run.What is the annual cost to run civil and criminal justice on the federal,state,and local levels?

A)$500 million
B)$20 billion
C)$100 billion
D)$200 billion

Question 23

The procedural right that protects defendants from illegal searches and seizures is called:

A)exclusionary rule
B)hands-off doctrine
C)probable cause
D)preliminary hearing

Question 24

A(n)___________________ usually involves a fine,a term of community supervision (probation),a period of incarceration in a penal institution,or some combination of these penalties.

A)arraignment
B)disposition
C)appeal
D)information

Question 25

Advocates of the crime control model do not believe the overriding purpose of the justice system is to:

A)protect the public
B)deter criminal behavior
C)incapacitate known criminals
D)ensure individualized justice

Question 26

Celebrity cases and their highly adversarial attorneys are a rarity in the justice system.A more accurate reflection of the court process involves cooperation between judges,prosecutors,and public defenders who work together to assure the flow of cases through the court system.This cooperation is referred to as the:

A)court system cooperation
B)courtroom work group
C)courtroom flow process
D)adversarial assistance group

Question 27

Most important to advocates of the due process model is that:

A)riminals should be changed into law-abiding and productive members of society.
B)Society is protected and victims are compensated.
C)Treatment and rehabilitation should be used over punitive measures.
D)The civil rights of the accused should be protected at all costs.

Question 28

The process of bail is meant to ensure:

A)that a suspect can work with her/his defense attorney
B)that witnesses will cooperate with attorneys
C)that a suspect will appear at trial
D)that victims will testify at trial

Question 29

Policy goals of advocates of the crime control model include:

A)limiting police discretion
B)increasing the size of police forces
C)protecting citizens' Miranda rights
D)reducing the use of the death penalty

Question 30

Grand jury procedures and preliminary hearings are held to determine if there exists ____ for a suspect to stand trial.

A)plausible cause
B)sufficient reason
C)probable cause
D)sufficient cause

Question 31

During the 1960s and 1970s,the crime control philosophy became a dominant force in America due to rising fear of crime and what other factor?

A)the increasing numbers of inmates being released from prison early due to overcrowding
B)the increasing pressure from civil rights advocates
C)a rising shortage of police officers at the local level
D)the growing skepticism about the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts

Question 32

_____ control the actions of the agencies of justice and define the rights of criminal defendants.

A)Procedural laws
B)Substantive laws
C)Criminal laws
D)Civil laws

Question 33

The aspects of decision making and __________ mark each stage of the criminal justice system.

A)funneling
B)deterrence
C)discretion
D)formality

Question 34

The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of:

A)apprehension and punishment
B)social control
C)order maintenance
D)crime prevention

Question 35

Which of the following factors is an indicator of a conservative,hard-line political climate in the United States?

A)reducing the use of the death penalty
B)support for insanity defenses
C)prison overcrowding
D)upholding the exclusionary rule

Question 36

The equal justice model calls for:

A)indeterminate sentences
B)mandatory sentences
C)treatment and rehabilitation
D)peacemaking,not punishment

Question 37

In the past,U.S.courts exercised little control over the operations of criminal justice agencies believing that their actions were not an area of judicial concern.This policy was referred to as:

A)"eyes-off doctrine"
B)"nonintrusion doctrine"
C)"nonintervention doctrine"
D)"hands-off doctrine"

Question 38

Currently,how many people are under some form of correctional supervision?

A)less than 2 million
B)about 5 million
C)more than 7 million
D)over 10 million

Question 39

In order to make an arrest,police need:

A)plausible cause
B)sufficient evidence
C)probable cause
D)sufficient cause

Question 40

While procedural laws have a number of sources,the most important source is:

A)the Emancipation Proclamation
B)common law
C)the Bible
D)the Bill of Rights

Question 41

The rehabilitation model suggests that people commit crime:

A)in spite of treatment and rehabilitation efforts
B)when the opportunity exists
C)through no fault of their own
D)when the general public is nonsupportive of the poor

Question 42

What do proponents of the nonintervention model advocate?

A)limiting decriminalization of nonserious offenses
B)limiting government intrusion into people's lives
C)limiting diversion from formal court processes
D)limiting deinstitutionalization of nonserious offenders

Question 43

Today,there are approximately how many law enforcement agencies on all levels of the govenment?

A)10,000
B)12,500
C)18,000
D)25,000

Question 44

According to the restorative justice model,what is the true purpose of the criminal justice system?

A)to promote a peaceful and just society
B)to maintain a "hands-off" doctrine
C)to protect a suspect's civil rights
D)to treat and rehabilitate offenders

Question 45

Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the differences between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system?

A)Juvenile proceedings are not considered criminal,but adult proceedings are.
B)Juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial,whereas adults have this right.
C)The nature of the offense determines jurisdiction in juvenile court.
D)Juvenile court procedures are generally informal and private.Those of adult courts are more formal and are open to the public.

Question 46

Which perspective embraces the notion that,given the proper care and treatment,criminals can be changed into productive,law-abiding citizens?

A)equal justice
B)crime control
C)rehabilitation
D)due process

Question 47

Due process model advocates have not demanded which of the following practices?

A)Truth-in-sentencing laws.
B)Development of prisoners' rights.
C)Strict scrutiny of police search and interrogation procedures.
D)Competent defense counsel for every criminal defendant.

Question 48

Which of the following is not a component of the corrections system?

A)Probation
B)Prison
C)Parole
D)Prosecution

Question 49

Which state does not have a law enforcement agency on the state level?

A)Hawaii
B)Idaho
C)Utah
D)Maine

Question 50

Each component of the criminal justice system is closely supervised by state and federal courts through the law of criminal procedure,which sets out and guarantees citizens certain rights and privileges when they are accused of crime.

Question 51

From their inception in the nineteenth century,the component agencies of criminal justice have worked as a system.

Question 52

The due process model combines elements of liberal/positivist criminology with the legal concept of:

A)probable cause
B)fundamental fairness
C)procedural fairness
D)innocent until proven guilty

Question 53

Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the similarities between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system?

A)The use of discretion in decision-making is used in both the juvenile justice systems and adult criminal justice system.
B)The standard of arrest is similar for adults and juveniles.
C)The standard of evidence in juvenile delinquency adjudications,as in adult criminal trials,is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
D)Juveniles and adults can be kept in detention without bail if they are considered dangerous.

Question 54

The Plug Uglies,the Hudson Dusters,and the Dead Rabbits were gangs and the forerunners of organized crime families in New York.

Question 55

According to the rehabilitation model,dealing effectively with crime requires:

A)attacking its root causes
B)more punitive sentencing
C)decriminalization of nonserious offenses
D)appropriate levels of funding from the federal government

Question 56

When making an arrest,a police officer must inform the suspect by using the word "arrest" and must then transport the suspect to a police station.

Question 57

A criticism of the nonintervention model is that alternative programs may result in:

A)increased taxes due to costs associated with alternative programs.
B)disrespect for a criminal justice system viewed as "soft" by offenders
C)an eventual increase in crime when programs fail
D)widening the net instead of removing people from the system

Question 58

Complaints are the type of charging documents used in misdemeanor cases;informations and indictments are the charging documents used in felony cases.

Question 59

How do backers of the restorative justice model view punitive methods of correction?

A)They are viewed as restorative to the social capital of society.
B)They are viewed as stigmatizing to the offender.
C)They are viewed as effective if used in combination with parole and aftercare.
D)Punitive methods are viewed as no more effective than more humanitarian efforts.

Question 60

The rehabilitation model is also referred to as:

A)the intervention model
B)the patient model
C)the medical model
D)the healing model

Question 61

List,in chronological order,and explain the process of justice.

Question 62

Explain how the criminal justice system has been shaped by the rule of law.

Question 63

Those who adhere to due process principles believe in individualized justice,treatment,and rehabilitation of offenders.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the elements and philosophies inherent within the crime control and due process models.

Question 65

Advocates of the due process model suggest that to effectively deal with crime one must attack its root causes.

Question 66

According to the restorative justice model,what is the true purpose of the criminal justice system and how might this purpose be realized (via the use of what methods)?

Question 67

The criminal justice assembly line is an accurate metaphor of how the process of justice works.Explain why this is so.

Question 68

The restorative justice model views the violent punishing acts of the state as similar to the violent acts of individuals.

Question 69

What are the elements of the justice model and the concerns of its advocates?

Question 70

The nonintervention model would be most worried about the government's expanding ability to use computers to intrude into people's private lives.

Question 71

Determinate sentencing,sentencing guidelines,and the truth-in-sentencing are three direct outcomes of the equal justice model.

Question 72

Advocates of the equal justice model are concerned with unfairness in the criminal justice system,such as racism and discrimination,which causes sentencing disparity and unequal treatment before the law.

Question 73

Explain the meaning of,"the criminal justice system is an instrument of social control." Describe the size and extent of this social control instrument.

Question 74

Why do proponents of the nonintervention model view rehabilitation and due process with suspicion? What do advocates of the nonintervention model advocate?

Question 75

The changing social climate during the Ronald Reagan era ushered in the due process model focusing upon individual rights.

Question 76

The nonintervention model seeks to limit the government's intrusion into people's lives.It espouses supports for the decriminalization of nonserious offenses such as possessing small amounts of marijuana.

Question 77

The rehabilitation model suggests that with proper care and treatment,criminals can be changed into productive,law-abiding citizens.

Question 78

The goal of the crime control model is speedy,efficient justice.

Question 79

Discuss the importance and/or findings of the Chicago Crime Commission,the Wickersham Commission,the American Bar Foundation,and President Lyndon Johnson's Crime Commission and how each contributed to our understanding of the criminal justice system.

Question 80

How do advocates of the rehabilitation model view the justice system? According to this model,what causes crime? How should the justice system deal with offenders?