Deck 8: Social Conflict, critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice

Question 1

The purpose of ___________________________ is to promote a peaceful and just society.

Answer 1

peacemaking criminology

Question 2

According to critical criminologists,crime is a _____________ concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

Answer 2

political

Question 3

_______________________ holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised,thus making the poor doubly abused,first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.

Answer 3

Left realism

Question 4

____________________try to explain crime within economic and social contexts and to express the connection between social class,crime,and social control.

Question 5

_______________ is acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials,either elected or appointed,in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.

Question 6

Conflict theorists are concerned with all but which of the following?

A)the role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment
B)the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
C)the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations
D)the relationship between a socialism and crime rates

Question 7

Conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the_________ is a mechanism for controlling dissatisfied,have-not members of society while the wealthy maintain their power.

Question 8

_______________ argued that laws are created by politically oriented groups,who seek the government's assistance to help them defend their rights and protect their interests.

Question 9

Gender differences can be traced to the development of private property and male domination of the laws of inheritance,which led to a ____________________ of male control over property and power.

Question 10

The view that the inter-group conflict and rivalry that exists in every society causes crime is known as:

A)critical criminology
B)radical feminist theory
C)surplus value theory
D)peacemaking criminology

Question 11

Critical criminologists are more likely to examine ________________________ rather than to use more empirical methods such as surveys and data analysis.

Question 12

________________________ view criminal law and the criminal system as instruments for controlling the poor,have-not members of society.

Question 13

__________________ thrusts people outside of the economic mainstream forcing them to live in areas conducive to crime.

Question 14

The _________________ process begins by redefining crime in terms of a conflict among the offender,the victim,and affected community.

Question 15

The owners of the means of production are the _____________________..

Question 16

The relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as:

A)productive forces
B)productive relations
C)productive handicaps
D)productive facilitators

Question 17

Productive forces do not include what things?

A)technology
B)energy sources
C)material resources
D)altruistic relationships

Question 18

______________________________ occurs when disapproval is extended to an offenders' evil deeds,while at the same time those offenders who can be reaccepted by society are cast as respected people.

Question 19

Within Marxist thought,the owners of the means of production are called:

A)lumpen proletariat
B)capitalist proletariat
C)capitalist bourgeoisie
D)lumpen bourgeoisie

Question 20

The _____________ are the people who do the actual labor.

Question 21

Critical criminologists are concerned about the impact of globalization.Which of the following is not a globalization threat?

A)the growing dominance and reach of the free-market capitalist system that disproportionately benefits the wealthy
B)the non-democratic operation of international financial institutions
C)the improved standard of living in Third World nations
D)the growing influence of international financial institutions

Question 22

__________________ is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary.

A)Preemptive deterrence
B)General deterrence
C)Specific deterrence
D)Integrative deterrence

Question 23

Scholars of critical criminology are more likely to examine ___ trends and patterns rather than perform surveys and analyze data.

A)national economic
B)profit
C)historical
D)stock market

Question 24

Critical criminologists rarely use standard social science methodologies to test their views because:

A)these traditional approaches are antihuman and insensitive
B)these traditional approaches rely only upon quantitative data
C)these traditional approaches are not accepted by those who hold power
D)all of these

Question 25

Critical criminologists devote their attention to a number of important themes and concepts.What theme is not inclusive of critical criminology?

A)the use and misuse of power
B)critiquing the field of criminology
C)the association with deviant peers to crime rates
D)assessing the threat competitive capitalism presents to the working class

Question 26

Mainstream criminologists have criticized critical criminology claiming:

A)Critical criminology is "hot air,heat,but no real light."
B)Critical criminology simply rehashes the old tradition of helping the underdog.
C)Critical criminology refuses to address the problems and conflicts that exist in socialist countries.
D)Critical criminology acknowledges the capitalist system's efforts to regulate itself.

Question 27

According to instrumental theorists,to unmask the true purpose of law and justice is termed:

A)destigmatize
B)discredit
C)dishonor
D)demystify

Question 28

Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as:

A)Marxist feminism
B)radical feminism
C)social reality of crime
D)dialectic method

Question 29

Conflict theorists believe this occurs when people are thrust outside of the economic mainstream,forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.

A)classification 1
B)symbolic interaction 2
C)marginalization 3
D)economic interaction

Question 30

Which theorist believed that society is divided into have and have-not groups and penal law penal law serves the will of the ruling class.: those who possess authority and those who lack authority?

A)Willem Bonger
B)Ralf Dahrendorf
C)George Vold
D)Karl Marx

Question 31

According to the instrumental view of critical criminology the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich but:

A)their crimes are less visible
B)they are arrested and punished less often
C)their crimes are more serious in nature
D)they are arrested and punished more often

Question 32

The branch of conflict theory that focuses upon the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and that believes street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised,thus making the poor doubly abused,first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class is known as:

A)power-control theory
B)peacemaking theory
C)critical realism
D)left realism

Question 33

Which of the following principles is not an element of Ralf Dahrendorf's conflict theory of human behavior?

A)Every society is at every point subject to processes of change.
B)Every society displays at every point dissent and conflict.
C)Every element in society renders a contribution to it's disintegration and change.
D)Every society is based upon protection of some of its members by others.

Question 34

Theorists who view the law is used to maintain the long-term interests of the capitalist system and to control members of any class who threaten its existence are known as:

A)instrumentalists
B)peacemakers
C)left realists
D)structuralists

Question 35

Within Marxist thought,the people who perform the actual work are called:

A)productive forces
B)lumpen proletariat
C)capitalist bourgeoisie
D)the proletariat

Question 36

Hegel argued that for every idea,or thesis,there exists an opposing argument or:

A)antithesis
B)subthesis
C)hypothesis
D)synthesis

Question 37

The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods that exceed wages in value is known as:

A)surplus profit
B)surplus value
C)surplus efficiency
D)surplus production

Question 38

Which theory states the relationship between law and capitalism is unidirectional?

A)critical feminist theory
B)instrumental critical theory
C)power-control theory
D)structural critical theory

Question 39

Which of the following is not considered a state (organized)crime?

A)illegal domestic surveillance
B)human rights violations
C)enforcement of laws and working with the private sector
D)engaging in violence to maintain power

Question 40

The system of _________ in which men dominate public,social,economic,and political affairs sustains female oppression at home and in the workplace.

A)equiarchy
B)oligarchy
C)matriarchy
D)patriarchy

Question 41

Reintegrative shaming encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds,experience shame because of the harm they caused,and then be re-included in society.Which theorist advanced this?

A)George Vold
B)Karl Marx
C)John Braithwaite
D)John Hagan

Question 42

Left realists take the view that the poor are doubly abused by __________ and ____________.

A)the ruling class;their own class
B)the capitalist system;criminals
C)the capitalist system;their own class
D)the ruling class;criminals

Question 43

Consider the relationship between patriarchy,powerlessness and crime.When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure,they try to build their self-image through acts of machismo;such acts may involve:

A)self-mutilation
B)violent abuse of women
C)drug use
D)the use of weapons

Question 44

A number of concerns have been waged against restorative justice.What statement is false?

A)Viewed as a social movement rather than a method of rehabilitation
B)Cultural and social differences that may be effective in one subculture may be considered insulting and damaging.
C)The benefits only work in the long-term and ignore the short-term needs of the victim and offender.
D)Must balance the needs of offenders with those of their victims

Question 45

Rather than punishment and prison,peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as:

A)mediation and conflict resolution
B)counseling and probation
C)stigmatization and deterrence
D)fines and detention

Question 46

Smeulers and Haveman believe war crimes,crimes against humanity,genocide and other human rights violations merit more attention and have labeled the specialization supranational criminology.

Question 47

Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?

A)Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law.
B)Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame than their brothers.
C)Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than their brothers.
D)Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of career success as heir brothers.

Question 48

In his Masculinities and Crime,what did Messerschmidt call men's struggle to dominate women in order to prove their manliness?

A)"doing domination"
B)"doing machismo"
C)"doing tough"
D)"doing gender"

Question 49

In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and the workplace?

A)matriarchal
B)patriarchal
C)paternalistic
D)egalitarian

Question 50

Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.

Question 51

Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the elite members of society.

Question 52

Sentencing circles emerged from ________ culture;they require people accused of breaking the law to meet with community members,victims,village elders,and agents of the justice system.

A)Japanese
B)Native American
C)Chinese
D)African American

Question 53

Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production.

Question 54

Which of the following is the best example of a role exit behavior?

A)running away from home
B)hanging out with deviant peers
C)living in an egalitarian family
D)shoplifting on a regular basis

Question 55

Braithwaite's view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame.What is known about shame?

A)Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame.
B)Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender.
C)As a specific deterrent stigmatization is doomed to failure.
D)Branding offenders is an effective policy.

Question 56

One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing:

A)the degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration
B)the rehabilitation of the offender with the offender's symbolic punishment
C)the concept of justice with the concept of deterrence
D)the needs of offenders with those of their victims

Question 57

Denying citizens basic civil rights and routinely using hard labor and torture to punish political dissidents are human rights violations.

Question 58

Which theory draws its inspiration from Quakerism and Zen?

A)peacemaking
B)left realism
C)postmodernism
D)globalization

Question 59

The concept that capitalists control the labor of workers while men control women both economically and biologically is referred to as _________ and explains why females in a capitalist society commit fewer crimes than males.

A)power-control
B)double marginality
C)economic realism
D)marginalization

Question 60

Restorative processes generally include all but which of the following basic elements?

A)asking the offender to accept responsibility
B)a determination of community support and assistance for the victim only
C)turning the justice system into a healing process
D)a commitment to both restitution and an apology.

Question 61

Critical feminism argues that in a patriarchal system,women are considered a commodity worth possessing,like land or money.

Question 62

In paternalistic families girls who are unhappy or dissatisfied with their status are forced to seek out risky role exit behaviors such as running away or suicide.

Question 63

Discuss how critical feminist theory explains criminality,gender inequality and female exploitation.

Question 64

Stigmatizing shaming includes the disapproval of what the offender did followed by acceptance and reaccepted by society.

Question 65

Define globalization,how it viewed as a threat to the world economy and the two elements of globalization that encourage criminality.

Question 66

Identify and discuss the areas and themes that contemporary critical criminology focuses.

Question 67

Left realism is one form of emergent critical criminology.What are the concerns and beliefs held by proponents of left realism?

Question 68

Reintegration shaming extends disapproval to an offender's evil deeds while casting the offender as a respected person who can be reaccepted by society.

Question 69

Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as crime-encouraging rather than crime-discouraging.

Question 70

Left realists argue that police should reduce their use of force,increase their sensitivity to the public,and be more responsive to community needs.

Question 71

Discuss three critiques of critical criminology.

Question 72

Explain and discuss the differences between structural and instrumental theories.

Question 73

In egalitarian families fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners,while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters.

Question 74

Restorative justice advocates support methods of punishment such as probation and imprisonment.

Question 75

Structural theorists aim to demystify,or unmask the true purpose,of law and justice.

Question 76

Empirical research is relied on solely by critical criminologists.

Question 77

What is state (organized)crime? Identify and explain the four types of state crime.

Question 78

Discuss the issues critical criminologists have with traditional social science methodology and then provide the types of research techniques used in critical criminology.

Question 79

Explain the concept of peacemaking criminology and how it differs from other forms of conflict criminology.

Question 80

Define patriarchy and discuss the differences between a paternalistic family and an egalitarian family.