Deck 3: Victims and Victimization

Question 1

What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?

A)The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts,on average,six months.
B)Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time the child reaches adulthood.
C)The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be long-term,lasting long after the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten.
D)Children are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience,as a result of victimization,is short-term.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

____________ suggests that some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.

Answer 2

Victim precipitation

Question 3

Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over.What is known about the long-term stress suffered by victims?

A)Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time the child reaches adolescence.
B)Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than adult victims.
C)Childhood trauma,including rape and molestation,is significantly associated with visual,auditory,and tactile hallucinations.
D)Unlike spouse abuse,child abuse rarely leads to despair,depression,and homelessness.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Areas with elevated chances of victimization due to higher concentrations of motivated offenders are known as ___________.

Question 5

According to ____________,people who drink,use drugs,and engage in crime,have a much greater chance of victimization.

Question 6

Research indicates that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they were targets of physical abuse.This abuse-crime phenomenon is referred to as the.

Question 7

Tallying the societal costs of crime (justice system costs,legal costs,treatment costs,etc. )results in a total loss due to crime of __________________annually.

Question 8

Individuals who have been crime victims have a greater chance of future victimization.This concept is known as ___________________.

Question 9

Concerning routine activities theory,police and homeowners would be considered
______________.

Question 10

___________________is money paid to the victim,usually from a state victim compensation program.

Question 11

According to ______________,people are more likely to become victims of crime and violence if they reside in areas where is an increased risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders.

Question 12

The abuse-crime phenomenon known as the cycle of violence impacts:

A)boys more than girls
B)girls more than boys
C)girls and boys equally
D)girls and boys equally but only if they experienced abuse prior to the age of ten

Question 13

Local programs designed to assist victims and witnesses with medical bills,transportation,loss of wages,counseling,and other needs caused by the crime are called _______________________.

Question 14

When factoring in costs associated with the justice system and treatment,the total loss due to crime amounts to _____________.

A)$30 billion dollars
B)$128 billion dollars
C) $$160 billion dollars
D)$450 billion dollars

Question 15

With regard to crime victims and their offenders,crime tends to be _________________.

Question 16

Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:

A)victimologists
B)sociologists
C)psychologists
D)behaviorists

Question 17

Except for the crimes of_________ or ____________ ,males are more likely than females to be victims of crime.

Question 18

Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as _______________.

Question 19

The __________ are more likely to be victims of frauds and scams.

Question 20

In _________________,three variables which must exist for crime to occur are: the availability of suitable targets,the absence of capable guardians,and the presence of motivated offenders.

Question 21

Which age group experiences the most violent crime?

A)those 65 years and older
B)those 35-49 year old
C)those 25-35 year old
D)those 12-24 year old

Question 22

Which of the following is not among the characteristics that increase the potential for victimization?

A)target vulnerabiity
B)target gratifiability
C)target ecology
D)target antagonism

Question 23

Which ethnic group reports the highest rate of violent victimization?

A)Blacks
B)Whites
C)Hispanics
D)Asians

Question 24

Referring to the relationship between marital status and victimization,who is least likely to become a crime victim?

A)someone who is married
B)someone who has never married
C)someone who is divorced
D)someone who is a widow or widower

Question 25

Not being able to find a job,Jane Smith becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month.On Jane's most recent visit,she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative.Continuing her abusive tirade,Jane stood up and leaned over the representative's desk.In fear and frustration,the unemployment representative hit Jane with a stapler that was on the desk.Jane's victimization in this case might be termed:

A)passive precipitation
B)active precipitation
C)aggressive precipitation
D)reactive precipitation

Question 26

Referring to victims and their criminals,victims report that substance abuse is a factor in how many violent crime incidents?

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 27

Which of the following is least likely to be a characteristic of a high-risk lifestyle?

A)participating in sports
B)using drugs and alcohol
C)being a college student
D)involvement in crime

Question 28

The fact that some people's activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization by increasing their potential to become "opportunities" for criminal offenders is the basis of what theory?

A)victim precipitation theory
B)lifestyle theory
C)routine activities theory
D)deviant place theory

Question 29

What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic victimization?

A)Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has been committed.
B)Repeat victimizations are rare because victims tend to take defensive action once victimized.
C)Chronic victimization refers to people,not to property or locations.
D)Prior victimization has little,if any,impact on an individual's likelihood of becoming re-victimized.

Question 30

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey,which type of household would be least likely to contain crime victims or be the target of burglary or larceny?

A)rural,African American-owned homes in the West
B)urban,white-owned homes in the Southeast
C)suburban,African American-owned homes in the Northeast
D)rural,white-owned homes in the Northeast

Question 31

When victims act provocatively,use threats or fighting words,or even attack first,it is known as:

A)passive precipitation
B)active precipitation
C)aggressive precipitation
D)reactive precipitation

Question 32

Which of the following does not increase the potential for victimization?

A)A drunk college student walking back to his or her dorm or apartment.
B)A male wearing a jacket as he returns to his office
C)A female listening to her iPod while walking
D)An individual who gets into an argument with another person

Question 33

What percentage of students report that at least one violent crime,theft or other crime occurred at their school?

A)26%
B)48%
C)64%
D)86%

Question 34

Each year,2.5 million times,victims use guns for defensive purposes.What did Kleck's research indicate regarding the use of guns for defensive purposes?

A)Defensive gun use is associated with higher rates of victim injuries.
B)Defensive gun use rarely results in collateral injury and that potential victims should be encouraged to fight back.
C)Defensive gun use is associated with crime hot spots.
D)Defensive gun use is associated with personal violent crime more than property crime.

Question 35

Why are the elderly especially susceptible to fraud schemes?

A)The elderly are not especially susceptible;teens and young adults are as likely to fall victim to fraud schemes.
B)Because the elderly generally live alone,are lonely,and possess financial resources that make them attractive targets.
C)Because the elderly often suffer from dementia and other forms of diminished mental capacity that make them attractive targets.
D)The elderly are not especially susceptible to fraud schemes because relatives or legal guardians typically control their finances.

Question 36

Deviant places are defined as being inclusive of all but which of the following factors?

A)poor neighborhoods
B)densely populated neighborhoods
C)highly transient neighborhoods
D)interracial neighborhoods

Question 37

Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.This is termed:

A)lifestyle theory
B)high-risk lifestyle
C)deviant place theory
D)victim precipitation theory

Question 38

When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker it is known as:

A)passive precipitation
B)active precipitation
C)aggressive precipitation
D)reactive precipitation

Question 39

According to Jacques and Wright's research on criminal careers,for which criminal offender does becoming a crime victim sets the stage for their breaking away from their chosen profession and transitioning into a new life course.

A)car thief
B)gang member
C)burglar
D)drug dealer

Question 40

Research on the risk of sexual assault on college campuses found

A)College females are at a decreased risk of sexual victimization than women in the general population
B)College females are at an increased risk of sexual victimization than women in the general population
C)The use of alcohol and drugs did not impact the risk of victimization for females
D)Offenders were primarily strangers who accessed the students' living quarters on campus

Question 41

Which of the following rights in not generally contained within states' victims' rights legislation?

A)the right to be present at criminal justice proceedings
B)the right to be protected from media coverage
C)the right to be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant
D)the right to make a statement at sentencing,and to receive restitution from a convicted offender

Question 42

Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized.Such places are termed:

A)hot targets
B)hot spots
C)suitable targets
D)chronic spots

Question 43

Which of the following is a primary aim of victim-offender reconciliation programs?

A)restitution agreements
B)reconciliation between the two parties
C)recovery of stolen property
D)restitution agreements and reconciliation between the two parties

Question 44

The trend in the violent crime victimization rate has decreased,while it has increased for property crimes.

Question 45

Violent crime by juveniles alone costs the United States more than $160 billion each year

Question 46

In routine activities theory,police and homeowners would be an example of:

A)suitable targets
B)motivated offenders
C)capable guardians
D)protective sentinels

Question 47

A local program to help clients with applying for compensation,transportation,crisis intervention,and other needs caused by a crime is known as:

A)social services
B)a victim-witness assistance program
C)a crime crisis center
D)a guardian ad litem program

Question 48

Males are more likely than females to be victims of violent crime.

Question 49

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS),about 21 million criminal victimizations occur each year.

Question 50

According to routine activities theory,homes that contained easily salable objects such as laptop computers,stereos,and television sets would be classified as:

A)hot targets
B)hot spots
C)suitable targets
D)chronic spots

Question 51

In routine activities theory,a large number of unemployed teenagers would be an example of:

A)suitable targets
B)motivated offenders
C)capable guardians
D)protective sentinels

Question 52

Research on block watches and neighborhood patrols has found that in communities that utilize them:

A)there has been a decrease in property and violent crimes
B)violent crime increased,but property crime decreased
C)there is no real affect on the crime rate
D)a decrease in crime occurs followed by an increase in the crime rate

Question 53

Which piece of legislation grants money to state compensation boards derived from fines and penalties imposed on federal offenders?

A)Omnibus Victim and Witness Protection Act
B)Victims of Crime Act
C)Justice for All
D)Victims' Bill of Rights

Question 54

Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates __________ between 1960-1980 because the number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.

A)decreased
B)skyrocketed
C)remained stable
D)increased

Question 55

The victim's ability to address the sentencing judge and tell of his or her experiences as a result of the victimization is known as a:

A)victim's compensation statement
B)victims' reconciliation statement
C)victims' restitution statement
D)victims' impact statement

Question 56

Research shows that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they were the target of physical abuse,exposed to violent behavior among adults they know or live with,or exposed to weapons.

Question 57

Sex offender registries were legislated as a result of:

A)the "castle doctrine"
B)victim impact statements
C)victim-offender reconciliation programs
D)the death of Megan Kanka

Question 58

Which of the following is not typically covered by victim compensation programs?

A)replacement costs for stolen property
B)loss of wages
C)counseling expenses
D)medical expenses

Question 59

The rights of victims and funding for victim compensation were recognized under which presidential administration?

A)Carter
B)Reagan
C)Clinton
D)Bush

Question 60

Routine activities theory and the lifestyle approach have a number of similarities,and both predict that people increase their victimization risk.Which factors does not increase one's victimization risk?

A)live in high-crime areas
B)carry valuables
C)engage in risky behaviors,such as drink and use drugs
D)live in areas with a large number of immigrants

Question 61

Discuss the four basic concepts in common between routine activities theory and the lifestyle approach and provide three predictions shared by both theories.

Question 62

Active victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages the attacker.

Question 63

One's risk of victimization can be reduced by staying home at night,moving to a rural area,and getting married.

Question 64

Discuss the individual costs and problems suffered by victims of crime.

Question 65

According to the victim precipitation view,some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.

Question 66

According to deviant place theory,deviant places are defined as lightly populated,residential neighborhoods with a disproportionate number of young males.

Question 67

Given the link between victimization and crime (the cycle of violence),discuss the various explanations for the association.

Question 68

Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs)use mediators to facilitate face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers.

Question 69

The Omnibus Victim Witness and Protection Act required the use of victim impact statements in federal cases.

Question 70

What are the characteristics of a high-risk lifestyle and how do these characteristics contribute to one's risk of victimization?

Question 71

Identify and discuss the three characteristics Finkelhor and Asigian found that predict one's risk of repeat victimization.

Question 72

The NCVS indicates that rural,white homes in the Northeast are the most likely to contain crime victims or to be the target of theft offenses,such as burglary or larceny.

Question 73

The majority of crimes occur among people of different races.

Question 74

When referring to marital status and victimization,widows and widowers have the highest victimization risk.

Question 75

Define and discuss active and passive victim precipitation.Do you think it is just to blame victims for their role in crime? Explain your view.

Question 76

Discuss what victim impact statements are meant to do and their effect on sentencing.Do you believe impact statements should be allowed and assist in determining the case outcome? Explain your answer.

Question 77

Who is most likely to be victimized? Identify four social and/or demographic characteristics this person would possess.

Question 78

Individuals who have been crime victims maintain a significantly higher chance of future victimization than do people who have not been victims.

Question 79

Discuss the government's response to victimization.What legislation and programs are applicable and available to victims?

Question 80

Due to the influence of victims' rights advocates,every state now has a legal set of victims rights in its codes of law.Identify four rights legally afforded victims within these Victims' Bills of Rights.