Deck 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it

A)keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.
B)enables the infant to overcome obstacles.
C)prevents the child from displaying stranger anxiety.
D)gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is true about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern human development research?

A)Psychosexual theory,which emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years,is a mainstream of current research.
B)One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.
C)Psychoanalytic theorists' emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood is still largely accepted.
D)Psychoanalytic theory has cross-cultural implications because researchers have studied individuals from all over the world.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Newborn babies respond with generalized distress

A)when they are put down for a nap.
B)when their parents leave the room.
C)to changes in body temperature.
D)when approached by a stranger.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In Erikson's theory,the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

A)the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.
B)toddlers are successfully toilet trained.
C)hunger is consistently satisfied.
D)the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby's needs.

Question 5

Stranger anxiety is

A)uncommon in well-adjusted toddlers.
B)less likely if the unfamiliar adult picks up the wary infant.
C)less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.
D)more common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.

Question 6

Which of the following is supported by research on infant anger?

A)From 4 to 6 months into the second year,angry expressions decrease in frequency and intensity.
B)Younger infants react with anger in a wider range of situations than older infants.
C)As infants become capable of intentional behavior,the frequency of angry expressions decreases.
D)The rise in anger among older infants is adaptive because new motor abilities enable them to defend themselves or overcome obstacles.

Question 7

According to Erikson's theory,a mistrustful baby

A)protects herself by exploring the world.
B)will reject her mother and look to other adults for comfort.
C)protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.
D)will develop a disorganized/disoriented attachment.

Question 8

During the first few weeks of life,newborns are most likely to smile

A)in response to bright objects jumping suddenly across their field of vision.
B)when they are full.
C)in response to seeing a human face.
D)when they achieve new skills.

Question 9

In Erikson's theory,the conflict of toddlerhood,_______________,is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

A)basic trust versus mistrust
B)industry versus inferiority
C)initiative versus guilt
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 10

Some basic emotions are happiness,fear,sadness,and

A)disgust.
B)envy.
C)guilt.
D)pride.

Question 11

Basic emotions are

A)most reliably inferred through infants' vocalizations.
B)universal in humans.
C)found only among humans.
D)reflexive.

Question 12

The social smile first appears between __________ of age.

A)1 and 2 weeks
B)3 and 5 weeks
C)6 and 10 weeks
D)4 and 7 months

Question 13

Which of the following is true about basic emotions?

A)Infants come into the world with the ability to clearly express basic emotions.
B)Newborns' emotional expressions closely resemble those of adults.
C)Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli.
D)Babies are born with well-organized and specific emotional expressions for happiness and fear.

Question 14

Expressions of _______ are less frequent than _________.

A)sadness;anger
B)fear;sadness
C)happiness;sadness
D)happiness;anger

Question 15

Laughter reflects

A)increased sensitivity to object permanence.
B)sensitivity to the human face.
C)an infant's capacity to respond to passive stimuli.
D)faster processing of information than smiling.

Question 16

Laughter first appears around

A)3 to 4 weeks.
B)6 to 8 weeks.
C)3 to 4 months.
D)6 to 8 months.

Question 17

According to Erikson,a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

A)gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park
B)makes her son put away his toys immediately when asked
C)picks up her son's toys,puts away his books,and makes his bed on a daily basis
D)criticizes her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon

Question 18

As infants understand more about their world,they laugh

A)at events with subtler elements of surprise.
B)only in response to very active stimuli.
C)at dynamic,eye-catching sights.
D)less often.

Question 19

Which of the following is supported by research on infant fear?

A)Fear rises during the first half of the first year.
B)The most frequent expression of fear is stranger anxiety.
C)Crawling infants rarely show fear of heights.
D)Fear wanes during the second half of the first year.

Question 20

Around the middle of the first year,infants smile and laugh more

A)in response to very active stimuli.
B)at stable visual patterns.
C)when interacting with their toys.
D)when interacting with familiar people.

Question 21

Orson's parents smile and say "Yummy!" when he tries new vegetables.His parents are using _________ to try to influence Orson's food preferences.

A)self-conscious emotion
B)self-awareness
C)social referencing
D)emotional self-regulation

Question 22

Self-conscious emotions typically appear

A)between 2 and 4 months.
B)around 6 months.
C)at the beginning of the second year.
D)between 18 to 24 months.

Question 23

Joan decides not to see a scary horror film.Joan is using

A)emotional contagion.
B)self-conscious emotions.
C)basic emotions.
D)emotional self-regulation.

Question 24

Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away.How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion?

A)Encourage Thomas to stick up for himself and take the truck back.
B)Label Thomas's feelings,encourage him to describe his internal state,and offer a comforting hug.
C)Ignore Thomas's display of negative emotion.
D)Tell Thomas that he needs to learn how to share his toys.

Question 25

Which of the following is true about paternal depression?

A)Paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict as children grow older.
B)It rarely has a lasting impact on the infant,unless it persists for more than a year.
C)Most fathers with depression require long-term treatment for a full recovery.
D)Early treatment is quite effective for maternal,but not paternal,depression.

Question 26

____________ is early-appearing,stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

A)Temperament
B)Distractibility
C)Effortful control
D)Emotional self-regulation

Question 27

Besides self-awareness,self-conscious emotions require

A)adult instruction in when to feel proud,ashamed,or guilty.
B)use of emotional self-regulatory strategies.
C)adult instruction in when to feel happy,angry,or sad.
D)use of social comparisons.

Question 28

Around 3 to 4 months of age,

A)when infants gaze,smile,or vocalize,they expect their social partner to respond in kind.
B)babies perceive facial expressions as organized patterns.
C)babies use social referencing to actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
D)stranger anxiety peaks,and then gradually declines over the first year of life.

Question 29

Infants whose parents ___________ tend to be less fussy.

A)respond impatiently to their emotional cues
B)wait to intervene until the baby becomes agitated
C)"read" and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues
D)ignore negative emotion

Question 30

By age 6 months,babies of depressed mothers tend to

A)develop resilience against inadequate caregiving.
B)show delays in development,an irritable mood,and attachment difficulties.
C)develop a secure attachment to their father or another caregiver.
D)show high rates of empathy to others' distress.

Question 31

Emotional self-regulation requires

A)automatic processing of information.
B)effortful management of emotions.
C)emotional contagion.
D)adult instruction in when to feel proud,ashamed,or guilty.

Question 32

Infants use __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

A)self-control
B)an internal working model
C)emotional self-regulation
D)social referencing

Question 33

From the first few months,parents encourage infants to

A)develop self-conscious emotions.
B)express negative emotion.
C)suppress negative emotion.
D)soothe themselves when distressed.

Question 34

Emotional self-regulation refers to

A)the automatic process infants use to respond to others' emotions.
B)the active seeking of emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
C)a higher-order set of feelings,including guilt,shame,and envy.
D)the strategies children use to adjust their emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.

Question 35

About _______ percent of new fathers report symptoms of depression after the birth of a child.

A)1 to 2
B)3 to 5
C)6 to 8
D)10 to 12

Question 36

Humans are capable of a higher-order set of feelings beyond basic emotions called __________ emotions.

A)secondary
B)tertiary
C)self-awareness
D)self-conscious

Question 37

Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months,

A)babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.
B)other typical fears decline.
C)the stranger's style of interaction does little to comfort babies.
D)infants resist exploring new environments.

Question 38

Some researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of

A)emotional self-regulation.
B)emotional contagion.
C)social referencing.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 39

Maks,who lives in an individualistic culture,gets an "A" on his test.His parents will probably encourage Maks to feel

A)pride in his personal achievement.
B)embarrassed by the individual attention.
C)anxious that he might not be able to earn As in the future.
D)guilty for doing better than other children in the class.

Question 40

Sayuri,who lives in a collectivist culture,wins a game.Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel

A)pride in her personal achievement.
B)embarrassed by the individual attention.
C)envious of the children who lost.
D)a strong sense of sportsmanship.

Question 41

Biologically based reactivity

A)first appears in middle childhood.
B)is similar among shy and sociable children.
C)differentiates children with inhibited and uninhibited temperaments.
D)plays an important role in stabilizing temperament.

Question 42

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study,_____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

A)15
B)20
C)35
D)50

Question 43

Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds.According to Kagan's research,Max probably has __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty.

A)a higher heart rate and a lower cortisol level
B)a lower heart rate and a higher cortisol level
C)a higher heart rate and a higher cortisol level
D)lower blood pressure and greater pupil dilation

Question 44

Temperament is assessed through

A)self-report.
B)parental reports and observations.
C)delay-of-gratification tasks.
D)the Strange Situation.

Question 45

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines,is generally cheerful,and adapts easily to new experiences.In Thomas and Chess's research,Bindi would be classified as a(n)________ child.

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)uninhibited

Question 46

According to Thomas and Chess's research,__________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

A)inhibited
B)easy
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)difficult

Question 47

Research on temperament indicates that

A)identical twins are no more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental and personality traits.
B)consistent ethnic and sex differences in early temperament exist.
C)boys are better at effortful control than girls.
D)girls are slightly more impulsive than boys in early childhood.

Question 48

A key concept in Rothbart's model of infant temperament is

A)effortful control.
B)parent-child attachment quality.
C)goodness of fit.
D)self-awareness.

Question 49

To acquire effective social skills,inhibited children need

A)medication to increase left frontal brain wave activity.
B)to be exposed to increasingly stressful social situations.
C)permissive child-rearing.
D)parenting tailored to their temperaments.

Question 50

On average,________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)half
D)two-thirds

Question 51

Effortful control is

A)considered a major dimension of temperament.
B)present at birth.
C)unrelated to self-regulation.
D)an involuntary emotional reaction.

Question 52

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation ___________ temperament.

A)has a low to moderate effect on
B)is unrelated to stability in
C)profoundly alters
D)is only slightly correlated with stability in

Question 53

Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that

A)temperament is unrelated to psychological well-being.
B)the stability of temperament across childhood is high.
C)temperament is genetically determined.
D)temperament can protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.

Question 54

Heritability research indicates that genes ______________ to shyness and sociability.

A)do not contribute
B)contribute only modestly
C)contribute at least half
D)contribute significantly

Question 55

Most children classified by Thomas and Chess fell into the ________ category.

A)uninhibited
B)easy
C)difficult
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 56

Reactivity refers to the

A)regularity of body functions,such as sleep,wakefulness,and hunger.
B)ease with which a child adapts to changes in the environment.
C)quickness and intensity of emotional arousal,attention,and motor activity.
D)intensity of stimulation required to evoke a response.

Question 57

Long-term prediction of temperament can best be achieved after age 3 because

A)young children are unable to provide accurate self-reports.
B)experience has little effect on temperament until the preschool years.
C)temperament itself develops with age.
D)biologically based temperamental traits begin to unfold during the third year of life.

Question 58

Overall stability of temperament is

A)very low.
B)only low to moderate.
C)generally moderate to high.
D)very high.

Question 59

Josh is irregular in daily routines,is slow to accept new experiences,and tends to react negatively and intensely.In Thomas and Chess's research,Josh would be classified as a(n)_________ child.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)uninhibited
C)difficult
D)easy

Question 60

Which of the following is true about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability?

A)The majority of babies in the study were overwhelmed by novelty.
B)About 50 to 70 percent of the groups retained their temperamental styles as they grew older.
C)Most children's dispositions became more extreme over time.
D)Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about the influence of the environment on temperament is true?

A)The environment has a greater impact on temperament than genetic factors.
B)Genetic factors have a much greater impact on temperament than the environment.
C)Parents tend to view siblings as more similar in temperament and personality than other observers do.
D)Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.

Question 62

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

A)overemphasizes the quality of the mother-infant bond.
B)views attachment as a "secure base" from which to explore.
C)virtually ignores the importance of feeding in the development of attachment.
D)overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.

Question 63

____________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.

A)Goodness of fit
B)Ethological theory of attachment
C)Emotional self-regulation
D)Effortful control

Question 64

Three-year-old Carlisle knows that his mother will pick him up from preschool after snack and seeks her comfort whenever he is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation.These examples show that Carlisle has developed

A)an internal working model.
B)effortful control.
C)resistant attachment.
D)a categorical self.

Question 65

In the Strange Situation,Sara approaches her parent during reunion with flat,depressed emotion.Sara looks away while her parent is holding her and displays a dazed facial expression.Sara is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.

A)avoidant
B)secure
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)resistant

Question 66

According to Bowlby,during the attachment-in-the-making phase,babies

A)respond in the same way to all gentle,caring adults.
B)become upset when the familiar caregiver leaves.
C)begin to develop a sense of trust with their caregiver.
D)prefer female caregivers to male caregivers.

Question 67

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase,babies display

A)stranger anxiety.
B)separation anxiety.
C)social referencing.
D)goodness of fit.

Question 68

Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents

A)usually develop an insecure attachment to their parents.
B)sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects,such as blankets and stuffed animals.
C)are at-risk for disorganized/disoriented attachment.
D)may develop a secure attachment to their child-care provider but have trouble bonding with their parents.

Question 69

Chris smiles and laughs when interacting with his mother,but he does not protest when separated from her.Chris is most likely in Bowlby's ____________ phase.

A)preattachment
B)formation of reciprocal relationship
C)"clear-cut" attachment
D)attachment-in-the-making

Question 70

In all societies studied,the most common attachment pattern is the ________ pattern.

A)avoidant
B)resistant
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)secure

Question 71

Which of the following is supported by research on the stability of attachment patterns between 1 and 2 years of age?

A)In low-SES families with many daily stresses,attachment generally moves from insecurity to security.
B)Securely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than insecure babies.
C)About 20 percent of disorganized/disoriented babies retain their classification over time.
D)Middle-SES babies with secure attachments are the least likely to maintain a stable attachment pattern.

Question 72

The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

A)psychoanalytic
B)"clear-cut"
C)operant
D)ethological

Question 73

Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view?

A)ethological
B)psychoanalytic
C)operant
D)"clear-cut"

Question 74

Cross-cultural evidence indicates that

A)attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in certain cultures.
B)babies in Mali show more avoidant attachment than American babies do.
C)Japanese infants rarely show resistant attachment.
D)there are no significant cultural variations in attachment patterns.

Question 75

According to Bowlby,the _____________ becomes a vital part of personality,serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

A)Strange Situation
B)internal working model
C)"clear-cut" attachment phase
D)preattachment phase

Question 76

One-year-old Noah follows his mother and climbs on her in preference to others.He becomes upset when his mother leaves the room.Noah is most likely in Bowlby's _________ phase.

A)"clear-cut" attachment
B)formation of a reciprocal relationship
C)preattachment
D)attachment-in-the-making

Question 77

In the Strange Situation,Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore.When his mother leaves,Philip is distressed,and on her return he hits her.Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

A)avoidant
B)secure
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)resistant

Question 78

Professor Novak is interested in assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age.Which of the following laboratory procedures should Professor Novak use?

A)secure base
B)Attachment Q-Sort
C)the Strange Situation
D)an internal working model

Question 79

In the Strange Situation,Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base.When separated,Bernadette does not cry,but when her mother returns,Bernadette crawls to her.Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)resistant

Question 80

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.Professor Hardwick studies

A)attachment.
B)goodness of fit.
C)temperament.
D)sociocultural theory.