Deck 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

Research shows that __________ genes lie along the human chromosomes.

A)23 pairs of
B)2,000 to 2,500
C)20,000 to 25,000
D)200,000 to 250,000

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Directly observable characteristics,such as eye color and height,are called

A)zygotes.
B)phenotypes.
C)chromosomes.
D)genotypes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________provide the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.

A)Proteins
B)Genes
C)Chromosomes
D)Gametes

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the female,meiosis results in

A)just one ovum.
B)two ova.
C)three ova.
D)four ova.

Question 5

Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's

A)cells.
B)chromosomes.
C)genotypes.
D)DNA.

Question 6

The sperm and the ovum are sex cells,or

A)autosomes.
B)gametes.
C)zygotes.
D)dizygotes.

Question 7

During mitosis,

A)each new body cell contains unique genetic information.
B)cells divide in half to form the fertilized ovum.
C)the chromosomes copy themselves.
D)each new body cell contains 23 chromosomes.

Question 8

The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the

A)zygote.
B)cytoplasm.
C)gamete.
D)gene.

Question 9

Within every cell (except red blood cells)is a control center,or

A)phenotype.
B)nucleus.
C)genotype.
D)zygote.

Question 10

Generally,human chromosomes come in _____ matching pairs.

A)18
B)21
C)23
D)26

Question 11

A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called

A)genotosis.
B)meiosis.
C)zygosis.
D)mitosis.

Question 12

A gamete

A)contains 46 chromosomes.
B)is formed through mitosis.
C)contains 23 chromosomes.
D)is formed when the chromosomes copy themselves.

Question 13

Research shows that a healthy

A)male can father a child at any age after sexual maturity.
B)male is born with all his sperm present in the testes.
C)female produces ova throughout her childbearing years.
D)female can bear a child at any age after sexual maturity.

Question 14

Rodlike structures called ______________ store and transmit genetic information.

A)phenotypes
B)chromosomes
C)genotypes
D)genes

Question 15

In the male,__________ sperm is/are produced when meiosis is complete.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 16

A genotype is a

A)physical or behavioral characteristic,determined both by environmental and genetic factors.
B)directly observable characteristic.
C)rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that transmits genetic information.
D)complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.

Question 17

The genetic variability produced by meiosis is

A)rare.
B)male dominant.
C)adaptive.
D)female dominant.

Question 18

____________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

A)Mitosis
B)The presence of a protein
C)Cytoplasm
D)Meiosis

Question 19

The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in

A)severe mutations.
B)incredible variability among siblings.
C)higher rates of fraternal twins for women with X-linked disorders.
D)the production of more female zygotes than male zygotes.

Question 20

_________increase(s)the chances that at least some members of a species will cope with ever-changing environments and survive.

A)Autosomes
B)Fraternal twinning
C)Meiosis
D)Gametes

Question 21

Dizygotic twins

A)have the same genetic makeup.
B)develop more rapidly than children of single births.
C)are no more alike than ordinary siblings.
D)are less likely with each additional birth.

Question 22

If the alleles from both parents _________,the child is ___________.

A)are alike;heterozygous
B)differ;homozygous
C)are alike;a carrier
D)differ;heterozygous

Question 23

_________ are the most common type of multiple birth.

A)Triplets
B)Fraternal twins
C)Identical twins
D)Quadruplets

Question 24

Of matching pairs of chromosomes,22 of 23 are called __________ and one pair consists of ___________.

A)gametes;sex chromosomes
B)zygotes;XX chromosomes
C)autosomes;sex chromosomes
D)autosomes;YY chromosomes

Question 25

In incomplete dominance,

A)both alleles are expressed,resulting in a combined trait.
B)the child is homozygous and will display the inherited trait.
C)only the dominant allele affects the individual's characteristics.
D)children have a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disorder if one parent has the trait.

Question 26

The sex of a baby is determined by whether

A)the X and Y chromosomes separate into sperm cells or ovum.
B)an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.
C)the sperm fertilizes an X-bearing or a Y-bearing egg.
D)the ovum is carrying an X chromosome or a Y chromosome.

Question 27

Carriers of the sickle cell gene

A)often do not display symptoms until after they have passed the gene on to their children.
B)rarely have children who develop sickle cell anemia.
C)may have children who have sickle cell anemia.
D)develop sickle-shaped red blood cells that cause degeneration of the nervous systems.

Question 28

Most chromosomal defects result from

A)X-linked disorders.
B)mistakes occurring during mitosis.
C)mistakes occurring during meiosis.
D)recessive disorders.

Question 29

Fragile X syndrome is

A)expressed only when it is passed from father to child.
B)the most common inherited cause of mental retardation.
C)expressed when it is passed from either parent to child.
D)linked to more than half of the cases of autism.

Question 30

Taylor's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY.Taylor

A)is male.
B)cannot be a fraternal twin.
C)is female.
D)cannot be an identical twin.

Question 31

Somatic mutation

A)increases with age.
B)decreases with age.
C)shows that each of us has a single,permanent genotype.
D)occurs at conception.

Question 32

Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because

A)males are more likely than females to inherit recessive alleles.
B)the Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome.
C)the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding alleles to override those carried on the X chromosome.
D)his sex chromosomes match.

Question 33

The one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called

A)dominant-recessive.
B)dominant.
C)recessive.
D)a carrier.

Question 34

__________ is/are a major cause of the dramatic rise in multiple births in recent decades.

A)Prescription drug use during pregnancy
B)Low maternal weight gain
C)Young maternal age
D)Fertility drugs

Question 35

Children with diabetes tend to have fathers,not mothers,with the illness.The pattern of inheritance is best explained by

A)incomplete dominance.
B)X-linked inheritance.
C)genomic imprinting.
D)genetic mutation.

Question 36

Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people,such as height,weight,or intelligence,are most likely determined by __________ inheritance.

A)X-linked
B)polygenic
C)dominant-recessive
D)paternal

Question 37

A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces

A)identical twins.
B)dizygotic twins.
C)fraternal twins.
D)triple X syndrome.

Question 38

Studies of mutation demonstrate that

A)some mutations occur spontaneously,simply by chance.
B)mutations are never desirable.
C)males who are exposed to ionizing forms of radiation are not at increased risk for producing babies with genetic abnormalities.
D)exposure to nonionizing forms of radiation,such as microwaves,can cause genetic damage.

Question 39

_______ hair is dominant,while ______ hair is recessive.

A)Blond;dark
B)Straight;curly
C)Red;blond
D)Curly;straight

Question 40

__________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can create __________.

A)Mutation;genetic abnormalities
B)Meiosis;X-linked disorders
C)Mitosis,fragile X syndrome
D)Genomic imprinting;mutations

Question 41

Except for __________,prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because these methods have some chance of injuring the fetus.

A)amniocentesis
B)fetoscopy
C)chorionic villus sampling
D)maternal blood analysis

Question 42

Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that

A)males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males.
B)verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome.
C)females who are missing an X chromosome often have trouble with spatial relationships.
D)most children with these disorders suffer from mental retardation.

Question 43

Most adopted children

A)have trouble developing feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents.
B)become well-adjusted adults.
C)fare better if they are adopted after infancy.
D)begin to search for their birth parents during early adolescence.

Question 44

Which of the following is an ethical concern regarding the use of reproductive technology?

A)The in vitro "sex sorter" method could lead to parental sex selection.
B)Reproductive technology procedures cannot be used to overcome most male fertility problems.
C)More than 75 percent of reproductive technology procedures result in multiple births.
D)A lack of genetic ties often strains the parent-child relationship.

Question 45

To detect problems before birth,doctors use

A)prenatal diagnostic methods.
B)genetic treatments.
C)gene therapies.
D)carrier detectors.

Question 46

Down syndrome most commonly results from

A)a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
B)increased age of the father.
C)oxygen deprivation during or immediately after birth.
D)mutation of the genetic material on the twenty-third chromosomal pair.

Question 47

The Human Genome Project is an ambitious international research program aimed at

A)correcting genetic abnormalities by modifying gene-specified proteins.
B)cataloging a wide variety of prenatal diagnostic methods.
C)deciphering the chemical makeup of human genetic material.
D)genetic engineering.

Question 48

Mr.and Mrs.Hopewell are concerned because they have been trying to have a baby for over a year.Which of the following procedures would you recommend to them?

A)gene therapy
B)genetic counseling
C)genetic engineering
D)fetal medicine

Question 49

Genetic counselors prepare a ___________,which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.

A)pedigree
B)carrier detector
C)prenatal diagnosis
D)genetic diagnosis

Question 50

Third parties

A)have a direct influence on development.
B)can serve as supports for or barriers to development.
C)rarely have any influence on development.
D)primarily serve as barriers to early development.

Question 51

In _____________ ,sperm from a man whose wife is infertile are used to inseminate a woman,who is paid for her childbearing services.

A)donor insemination
B)surrogate motherhood
C)in vitro fertilization
D)genetic engineering

Question 52

When Erin and Brooke willingly comply,their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future.This is an example of a(n)__________ influence between parents and their children.

A)direct
B)microsystem
C)macrosystem
D)indirect

Question 53

_________________ is commonly used to overcome male reproductive difficulties.

A)In vitro fertilization
B)Surrogacy
C)Cloning of fertilized ova
D)Donor insemination

Question 54

When her parents fight,Jess feels worried and afraid.This is an example of

A)internalizing difficulties.
B)direct influences.
C)externalizing difficulties.
D)niche-picking.

Question 55

The risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome rises dramatically with

A)poor prenatal care.
B)maternal age.
C)prenatal tobacco exposure.
D)prenatal malnutrition.

Question 56

Children conceived through in vitro fertilization

A)may be genetically unrelated to both of their parents.
B)tend to develop insecure attachments to their parents during infancy.
C)cannot be born to postmenopausal women.
D)tend to be less well-adjusted than their naturally conceived counterparts.

Question 57

Contemporary researchers view the family as a(n)_____________,or network of interdependent relationships.

A)exosystem
B)macrosystem
C)social system
D)independent system

Question 58

With __________________,a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova.These are removed surgically and placed in a dish of nutrients,to which sperm are added.

A)donor insemination
B)in vitro fertilization
C)surrogacy
D)genetic engineering

Question 59

The most common sex chromosome disorders involve

A)aggressive and antisocial behavior.
B)the presence of an extra chromosome or the absence of one X in females.
C)spontaneous miscarriage.
D)mental retardation.

Question 60

The communication process of ________________ can help couples understand genetic principles,genetic testing,and prevention of genetic disorders.

A)genetic engineering
B)prenatal diagnosis
C)preimplantation genetic diagnosis
D)genetic counseling

Question 61

In the United States,public policies safeguarding _________ lag behind policies for __________.

A)the elderly;children and youths
B)children and youths;the elderly
C)the elderly;extended families
D)school-age children;preschool children

Question 62

Neighborhoods have a(n)__________ impact on economically disadvantaged than well-to-do young people.

A)similar
B)opposite
C)more negative
D)greater

Question 63

One of the two major benefits of education for girls in developing countries is

A)time away from the emotional strains of confinement in their homes.
B)empowerment to improve their life conditions.
C)enhanced mathematical skills.
D)time away from the physical strains of working in their homes.

Question 64

Although schooling is vital for all children,the_______________ has an especially powerful impact on the welfare of families,societies,and future generations.

A)availability of preschool education
B)education of girls
C)education of boys
D)availability of high school education

Question 65

Educating girls in the developing world is particularly beneficial because the girls develop

A)enhanced communication skills.
B)enhanced mathematical skills.
C)a desire to move to larger cities.
D)domestic skills,such as housekeeping.

Question 66

Approximately __________ percent of U.S.children have no health insurance.

A)2
B)5
C)7
D)10

Question 67

Of all Western nations,__________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

A)the United States
B)Canada
C)Germany
D)France

Question 68

__________ societies value an __________ self.

A)Collectivist;independent
B)Individualistic;interdependent
C)Collectivist;interdependent
D)Independent;individualistic

Question 69

In the United States today,about _____ million Americans are affected by poverty.

A)3)7
B)15
C)40
D)150

Question 70

In the United States,the poverty rate for single mothers with preschool children and elderly women on their own is nearly _____ percent.

A)25
B)35
C)40
D)50

Question 71

Compared to those in large urban areas,adults in small towns are

A)less likely to have contact with their children's teachers.
B)less likely to be actively involved in the community.
C)more likely to become victims of crime.
D)more likely to occupy positions of leadership.

Question 72

Which of the following countries has a higher teenage birthrate?

A)the United States
B)Australia
C)Czech Republic
D)Poland

Question 73

Higher-SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of __________ for their children,whereas lower-SES parents tend to emphasize __________.

A)external characteristics;intellectual abilities
B)intellectual abilities;psychological traits
C)external characteristics;psychological traits
D)psychological traits;external characteristics

Question 74

Compared to elders in large cities,elders in small towns are

A)more likely to move into planned housing for elders.
B)less likely to develop warm relationships with nonrelatives.
C),more likely to feel safe and secure.
D)less likely to remain actively involved in the community.

Question 75

Compared with large urban areas,small towns offer

A)weaker connections between settings that influence children's lives.
B)stronger connections between settings that influence children's lives.
C)less civic group participation for adults.
D)better child-care programs for low-SES families.

Question 76

Which of the following countries has a higher infant death rate?

A)Singapore
B)the United States
C)Ireland
D)Hong Kong

Question 77

In ___________,people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture.

A)microsystems
B)subcultures
C)macrosystems
D)collectivist societies

Question 78

Research on the effects of neighborhoods suggests that

A)participation in neighborhood organizations does not impact school achievement.
B)neighborhood resources have a greater impact on children than adults.
C)neighborhoods affect the well-being of children and adults.
D)neighborhoods are not important in late adulthood because most elders spend more time in their homes.

Question 79

Laws and government programs designed to improve widespread social problems are known as

A)public policies.
B)collectivism.
C)economic policies.
D)socialism.

Question 80

One reason that the American people have been reluctant to accept the idea of publicly supported child care is that

A)few mothers of very young children work outside the home.
B)it is widely believed that child care is harmful to young children.
C)most grandparents provide regular child care.
D)American values emphasize independence and self-reliance.