Deck 4: Trait Theories of Pesonality

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT something that traits are commonly viewed as among personality researchers?

A) Biological "bricks" of personality
B) Relatively unstable
C) Statistical coordinates
D) Biological foundations of humanistic psychology

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which one of the following is part of Allport's level of traits?

A) Last trait
B) Top trait
C) Central trait
D) First trait

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In relation to Allport's proprium, the developmental era that develops between ages four and six in response to an awareness of how one's behavior measures up to the expectations of others is

A) self-identity.
B) self-image.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-extension.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Allport calls specific low level behaviors that form the foundation for higher level traits

A) habits.
B) tendencies.
C) secondary traits.
D) personality bricks.

Question 5

Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to organize personality into source traits?

A) 3
B) 16
C) 24
D) 5

Question 6

Roseau argued that humans are born fundamentally pure and good. Who embraced this argument in our area stating that parents and teachers contaminate the natural goodness of infants and children by requiring them to meet societally derived conditions of worth before fully accepting them?

A) Rogers
B) Freud
C) Cattell
D) Eysenck

Question 7

Zuckerman calls someone who appears to have a high need for stimulation a

A) sensation seeker.
B) novelty seeker.
C) happiness seeker.
D) thrill seeker.

Question 8

Who said that a trait is a "neuropsychic system"?

A) Cattell
B) Zuckerman
C) Eysenck
D) Allport

Question 9

When a person is described as anxious, depressed, irrational, moody, emotional, shy, tense, and has low self-esteem, they are rated high on

A) low-self esteem.
B) psychosis.
C) neuroticism.
D) bi-polar tendencies.

Question 10

Eysenck's three superfactors are

A) Extroversion, Empathy, and Intuitivity.
B) Psychoticism, Extraversion-introversion, and Neuroticism.
C) Extraversion-introversion, Stability, and Consciousness.
D) Stability, Psychoticism, and Empathy.

Question 11

Who pioneered the American trait theory?

A) Allport
B) Zuckerman
C) Eysenck
D) Cattell

Question 12

Someone who is sociable, talkative, active, optimistic, and fun-loving would be said to have a high level of

A) neuroticism.
B) introversion.
C) openness.
D) extraversion.

Question 13

Allport placed emphasis on traits, while Eysenck placed emphasis on

A) superfactors.
B) birth order.
C) biochemistry.
D) social behavior.

Question 14

Evolutionary personality psychology seeks to connect personality theory with our

A) future.
B) ancestral past.
C) present.
D) immediate past.

Question 15

Define correlation.

A) A mathematical description of how two things co-relate or vary together
B) The total number of genes carried by a species
C) Sensitive electrical recording devices that attach to, but do not generally penetrate the skin
D) Seeking exciting activities in order to avoid boredom

Question 16

Novelty seekers are thought to be low on , while harm avoidant persons are thought to be low on .

A) dopamine, serotonin
B) serotonin, norepinephrine
C) dopamine, acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine, acetylcholine

Question 17

According to Eysenck, persons showing aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, and tough minded traits are "high" on

A) extraversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) psychoticism.
D) intraversion.

Question 18

Which of these is NOT part of the five-factor model?

A) Extraversion
B) Obedience
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 19

Clusters of observable behaviors such as cheerfulness, spontaneity, friendliness, and outgoingness are examples of what Cattell calls

A) Source traits.
B) Surface traits.
C) Extraversion traits.
D) Intrapersonal traits.

Question 20

Source traits are , while surface traits are .

A) genetic, environmental
B) underlying factors, clusters of observable behaviors
C) clusters of observable behaviors, underlying factors
D) environmental, genetic

Question 21

According to Cattle, what makes a person "go"?

A) Motives
B) Attitudes
C) Dynamic traits
D) Both A and B

Question 22

When you brush your teeth, according to Allport you are exhibiting a

A) secondary trait.
B) central trait.
C) cardinal trait.
D) behavioral habit.

Question 23

Sociobiologist E. O. Wilson included evolution and religion among the three great mythologies. What was the third?

A) Postmodernism
B) Existentialism
C) Marxism
D) Universalism

Question 24

Why is it hard to falsify evolutionary psychology?

A) It uses distal constructs.
B) It uses future constructs.
C) Its techniques are not precise.
D) It uses proximal constructs.

Question 25

focused much of his research on mating strategies.

A) Allport
B) Buss
C) Eysenck
D) Cattell

Question 26

What suggests that adult motives and behaviors are not necessarily tied to earlier childhood experiences

A) Continuity theory.
B) Discontinuity theory.
C) Functional autonomy.
D) None of the above

Question 27

During which developmental era of the proprium would a child develop a sense of possession?

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-identity
C) Self-extension
D) Self-image

Question 28

Nomothetic research attempts to discover which one of the following?

A) Laws
B) Individualtiy
C) Uniqueness
D) Behaviors

Question 29

A correlation of .20 would mean that the correlation would account for of the relationship.

A) 20%
B) 4%
C) 40%
D) 10%

Question 30

While correlation may indicate how strongly things co-occur, it does not indicate

A) cause.
B) effect.
C) reasoning.
D) disability.

Question 31

People often talk about being or not being "a morning person." This is referred to by personality psychologists as

A) reinforcement sensitivity.
B) behavioral activation system.
C) morning-eveningness trait.
D) behavioral inhibition system.

Question 32

The most popular trait theory today is the

A) 16PF.
B) NEO-PI-R.
C) OCEAN.
D) FFM.

Question 33

Whenever you see a correlation coefficient, use the following rule to find out how much to the relationship is accounted for

A) cube it.
B) square it.
C) divide by 2.
D) multiply by 2.

Question 34

Buss uses cross cultural mate selection to illustrate

A) cultural psychology.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) environmental psychology.
D) trait psychology.

Question 35

Cattell believed that temperament traits

A) are genetically determined.
B) are products of experience.
C) facilitate how people effectively pursue their goals.
D) motivate individuals to accomplish goals.

Question 36

What does the term ambivert refer to?

A) Someone who is generous
B) Someone who is emotionally unstable
C) Someone who is consistently either an extremely extroverted or introverted
D) Someone who shows both some introverted and some extroverted traits

Question 37

What does anthropomorphize mean?

A) Attribute human qualities to
B) Personify
C) Give a human face to
D) All of the above

Question 38

Secondary traits are

A) highly-characteristic tendencies by which a person comes to be known by.
B) the eminent traits, ruling passion, the master-sentiment, or the radix of life.
C) the least abstract, most focalized traits.
D) None of the above

Question 39

The mathematical procedure for reducing a large collection of correlations to a small number of core factors is called

A) factor analysis.
B) correlation.
C) predispositions.
D) subtraction.

Question 40

What do you discover when you square a correlation coefficient?

A) The percent of variance accounted for
B) The ratio of variance to correlation
C) The correct personality factors
D) It is unknown.