Deck 9: Cannabinoids

Question 1

The effect of AEA or 2-AG to eCB receptors is to open ______ channels.

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) chloride.
D) calcium.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A) THC is excreted mostly unchanged.
B) THC is metabolized only to an active metabolite.
C) THC is metabolized only to an inactive metabolite.
D) THC is metabolized to an active and then subsequently to an inactive metabolite.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The "high" associated with smoking one marijuana cigarette is associated with:

A) 1 gram of drug per milliliter of plasma.
B) 25 to 50 mg in the plasma.
C) more than 50 mg,but less than 1 gram in the plasma.
D) 5 to 10 nanograms per milliliter of plasma.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

High doses of THC:

A) induce death by respiratory depression.
B) induce death by stroke.
C) induce death by severe hypotension.
D) are rarely lethal.

Question 5

Smoking marijuana:

A) causes an initial increase in heart rate that is dose-dependent.
B) stimulates salivary production.
C) dilates brain arteries.
D) constrict corneal blood vessels.

Question 6

Hashish and marijuana differ mainly in their:

A) solubility in water.
B) potency.
C) efficacy.
D) effect on respiration.

Question 7

THC is stored in:

A) neurons.
B) body fat.
C) muscle.
D) liver cells.

Question 8

The compound believed to be the endogenous marijuana ligand is:

A) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
B) cannaninol.
C) cannabidiol.
D) anandamide.

Question 9

At the cellular level,the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide binds to:

A) dopamine receptors.
B) serotonin receptors.
C) directly gated ion channels.
D) cannabinoid receptors.

Question 10

Anandamide is metabolized by ______ found in the ______ neuron.

A) FAAH; postsynaptic
B) FAAH; presynaptic
C) MGL; postsynaptic
D) MGL; presynaptic

Question 11

The endogenous cannabinoids,AEA and 2-AG are synthesized:

A) by mitochondria.
B) on demand.
C) from neuropeptides.
D) and then stored in vescicles.

Question 12

Following inhalation,the effects of THC involve approximately ______and last approximately _____.

A) 5-10 nanograms; 2 to 3 hours
B) 50-100 nanograms; 3 to 4 hours
C) 500-0.1 grams; 12 hours
D) 1-5grams; 30 to 60 hours

Question 13

Once endocannabinoids bind to CB receptors they:

A) are degraded.
B) are absorbed by surrounding glial cells.
C) bind to presynaptic receptors and inhibited further release.
D) also bind to calcium channels.

Question 14

The major mechanism of action of anandamide appears to be:

A) presynaptic facilitation.
B) postsynaptic facilitation.
C) presynaptic inhibition.
D) postsynaptic inhibition.

Question 15

Endocannabinoids are thought to be taken back up into neurons by:

A) sodium channels.
B) potassium channels.
C) calcium channels.
D) endocannabinoid membrane transporters.

Question 16

Urine tests that screen for psychoactive drug use look for the presence of:

A) 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC
B) carboxy-THC (COOH-THC)
C) dicarboxy-THC (dCOOH-THC)
D) 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 17

The amount of THC absorbed depends upon all of the following EXCEPT:

A) How long the smoke is held in the lungs.
B) The amount of THC in the cigarette.
C) The method of harvesting the marijuana.
D) How deeply the smoker inhales.

Question 18

The major psychoactive ingredient in the marijuana plant is:

A) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
B) cannaninol.
C) cannabidiol.
D) anandamide.

Question 19

The active metabolite of THC is:

A) 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC
B) carboxy-THC (COOH-THC)
C) dicarboxy-THC (dCOOH-THC)
D) 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 20

Users experience a "high" when plasma concentrations reach ______ nanograms of drug per milliliter of plasma.

A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 15
C) 15 to 20
D) 20 to 25

Question 21

THC:

A) facilitates memory.
B) impairs the encoding process of memory.
C) facilitates the encoding process of memory.
D) impairs all stages of memory.

Question 22

The effects on THC on memory appear to be due to effects on the ______ receptor in the ______.

A) CB1; hippocampus
B) CB1; cortex
C) CB2; hippocampus
D) CB2; piriform cortex

Question 23

Both CB1 and CB2 are G-protein coupled receptors.

Question 24

The most effective replacement therapy for cannabis withdrawal is:

A) mirtazapine.
B) dronabinol.
C) bupropion.
D) naltrexone.

Question 25

The primary mechanism of tolerance to THC is a(n)_____ receptors.

A) downregulation of CB1
B) downregulation of CB2
C) upregulation of CB1
D) upegulation of CB2

Question 26

THC:

A) reduces appetite for sweet foods.
B) increases appetite for sweet foods.
C) reduces appetite for salty foods.
D) increases appetite for salty foods.

Question 27

THC impairs the following stage(s)of memory:

A) encoding.
B) consolidation.
C) retrieval.
D) all stages are impaired.

Question 28

Research suggests that early cannabis use may:

A) decrease the risk of psychosis.
B) increase the risk of psychosis.
C) decrease the risk of bipolar disorder.
D) increase the risk of bipolar disorder.

Question 29

Sativex:

A) is useful for multiple sclerosis (MS)patients since it reduces spasticity-related pain.
B) is approved for use in the United States.
C) is a 3:1 mixture of THC and cannabidiol.
D) has a direct effect by blocking pain in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS).

Question 30

Cannabinoid receptors outside the brain are of a different subtype than those in the brain.

Question 31

The effect of THC is _____ heart rate and _____ of brain arteries .

A) increased; dilation
B) decreased; dilation
C) decreased; constriction
D) increased; constriction

Question 32

Infants of marijuana-using mothers:

A) are smaller than normal.
B) show typical behavioral reflexes.
C) exhibit chronic withdrawal from painful stimuli.
D) display hypervigilant responses to visual stimuli.

Question 33

The presence of THC is effective in reducing pain associated with persistent inflammation resulting in less opiate needed to control pain.This effect is known as ______ action.

A) opioid-enhancing
B) opioid-sparing
C) opioid-inhibiting
D) opioid-blocking

Question 34

CB2 receptors are abundant primarily in the CNS.

Question 35

Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A) Adverse effects on cognition have been shown in marijuana users that persist for many years after people stop smoking.
B) Marijuana smokers have lingering effects on short-term memory even 30 days after they stop smoking.
C) After 30 days of abstinence,the cognitive effects associated with marijuana use appear to disappear.
D) Marijuana use during adolescence has no apparent effect on adult IQ.

Question 36

Large numbers of cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus may explain effects of THC on:

A) memory.
B) motor function.
C) aggression.
D) cognition.

Question 37

THC produces analgesia at the following site(s):

A) spinal cord,but not site of injury or brain.
B) spinal cord and brain,but not site of injury.
C) brain,but not spinal cord nor site of injury.
D) brain,spinal cord,and site of injury.

Question 38

Some evidence suggests that cannabis may be the oldest plant grown for purposes other than food.

Question 39

Rimonabant,sometimes used to treat cannabis withdrawal,is a(n):

A) cannabinoid antagonist.
B) cannabinoid agonist.
C) anticonvulsant.
D) analgesic.

Question 40

CBD has anti-inflammatory effects.

Question 41

Anandamide was the first endogenous cannabinoid to be discovered.

Question 42

Carboxy-THC has an elimination half-life of approximately 30 days in chronic marijuana users.

Question 43

THC is metabolized in first-pass metabolism to active and inactive intermediates.

Question 44

There exists a cannabis-withdrawal syndrome.

Question 45

Nabilone is an analogue of THC that is nearly as potent.

Question 46

Dronabinol (Marinol)appears to be the most effective pharmacological approach for treating cannabis withdrawal.

Question 47

The second endogenous cannabinoid to be discovered,2-arachidonoyl (2-AG),is found in lower concentrations in the brain than anandamide.

Question 48

Heavy marijuana smokers who stop smoking may show positive urine tests for THC's metabolites for 30 days or longer after cessation.

Question 49

THC is stored in fat cells and can be detected in plasma for up to 2 weeks or more in chronic smokers.

Question 50

Sativex,a 1:1 mixture of THC and cannabidiol,is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in the United States.

Question 51

It is well known that there is a perfect correlation between presence of carboxy-THC in the urine and the presence of a pharmacological significant level of THC in the blood.

Question 52

Cannabis use has been shown to induce psychiatric problems for the majority of individuals that use the drug.

Question 53

Only a very small proportion of marijuana users develop a psychotic illness.

Question 54

Cannabis produces tolerance in users; however,experienced users report that they are sensitized to the psychoactive effects.

Question 55

Only small amounts of the THC taken into the body are stored in body fat.

Question 56

Cannabis dependence is common occurring in approximately 90% of users.

Question 57

Chronic marijuana use suppresses levels of testosterone in males and follicle-stimulated as well as luteinizing hormone in females.

Question 58

There are currently multiple pharmacologically based treatment options for treating cannabis withdrawal and craving.

Question 59

Cannabis use in adolescence has been reported to increase the risk of developing psychosis earlier in life for genetically vulnerable individuals.

Question 60

In general,cannabis withdrawal is related to how dependent a person is on the drug; more dependent users will experience a more intense withdrawal process.

Question 61

The characteristic effect of appetite stimulation by marijuana is due to:

A) activation of CB2 receptors.
B) stimulation of endocannabinoids.
C) activation of an as yet unknown class of receptors.
D) stimulation of CB1 receptors.

Question 62

Experienced marijuana users may be sensitized to the effects of the drug for all of the following reasons,EXCEPT:

A) THC accumulates in the fat tissue of regular users; smoking more marijuana liberates the remaining THC producing a quicker "high."
B) CB1 receptors are upregulated in regular users.
C) An awareness to the subjective effects of the drug must be developed in novice users-regular users know what to expect.
D) Regular users know how to smoke marijuana to get a sufficient dose of THC-new users have to learn this process.

Question 63

The primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is:

A) cannabinol (CBN).
B) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
C) cannabidiol (CBD).
D) sinsemilla.

Question 64

Synthetic marijuana ("spice")use generally leads to gastrointestinal reactions.

Question 65

______ is reportedly more than 100 times as potent as THC.

A) Nabilone (Cesamet)and
B) Dronabinol (Marinol)
C) HU-210
D) Cyclohexylphenols

Question 66

Marijuana may be eaten with the advantage that oral administration:

A) eliminates first pass metabolism.
B) results in more rapid onset of effects.
C) results in longer duration of effects.
D) reduces the craving for sweet foods.

Question 67

A survey release in April 2013 suggests that marijuana use in high school is second only to:

A) prescription stimulants.
B) methamphetamine.
C) cocaine.
D) alcohol.

Question 68

Treatment of cannabis withdrawal and craving involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) disulfiram (Antabuse).
B) family-based interventions.
C) contingency management techniques.
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 69

Cannabis replacement therapy has been most effective using:

A) 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG).
B) dronabinol (Marinol).
C) anandamide.
D) cannabidiol (CBD).

Question 70

Marijuna disrupts memory via effects on:

A) CB1 receptors in the hippocampus.
B) CB2 receptors in the frontal cortex.
C) CB1 receptors in the fornix.
D) CB2 receptors in the hippocampus.

Question 71

Endocannabinoids appear to differ from typical neurotransmitters in that they:

A) bind to postsynaptic receptors.
B) are synthesized on demand.
C) cause presynaptic autoreceptors to run in reverse.
D) bind to heteroreceptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 72

In North America,cannabis became a staple crop in the 1600's for the production of:

A) rope.
B) oil.
C) medicine.
D) fertilizer.

Question 73

Urine testing for marijuana:

A) focuses on identification of dicarboxy-THC,the active metabolite of THC.
B) indicates use patterns but only in chronic users.
C) suggests a perfect correlation between use patterns and the presence of carboxy-THC.
D) is not indicative of a pharmacologically significant amount of THC being present in the blood.

Question 74

Evidence suggests that tolerance to cannabis is due to:

A) an upregulation of CB1 receptors.
B) downregulation of CB1 receptors.
C) an upregulation of CB2 receptors.
D) downregulation of CB2 receptors.

Question 75

______ receptors are the most abundant G-protein coupled receptors in the CNS.

A) CB1
B) CB2
C) THC
D) Dopamine

Question 76

Cannabis use probably originated from:

A) India.
B) North America.
C) China.
D) Africa.

Question 77

Synthetic marijuana ("spice")contain cannabidiol.

Question 78

All of the following are effects caused by marijuana EXCEPT:

A) immunosuppression.
B) bronchial relaxation.
C) an initial dose-dependent increase in heart rate.
D) reduced levels of testosterone,sperm count,and viability in chronic users.

Question 79

The neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids and their derivatives may be due to:

A) inhibition of GABAergic transmission.
B) excitation of the GABA system.
C) inhibition of glutaminergic transmission.
D) enhancement of glycine release in the region following brain injury.

Question 80

In the early 1990s the first endogenous cannabinoid,_____ was isolated.

A) 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)
B) AEE
C) anandamide
D) CB2-alpha