Deck 6: Stimulants Part 1 Caffeine and Nicotine

Question 1

The mildly positive reinforcing effect of caffeine appears to be ultimately due to effects on the neurotransmitter:

A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Certain antidepressants such as fluvoxamine _______ the metabolism of caffeine and ______ caffeine tolerance.

A) accelerate; increase
B) accelerate; decrease
C) inhibit ; increase
D) inhibit; decrease

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately:

A) 10 to 20 cups.
B) 30 to 50 cups.
C) 100 cups.
D) There is no lethal dose.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Over all,evidence suggests that tea and coffee drinkers may experience:

A) increased cardiovascular issues.
B) poorer cognitive function.
C) greater cognitive decline with aging.
D) less cognitive decline with aging.

Question 5

Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on:

A) memory.
B) cardiovascular function.
C) sleep.
D) digestion.

Question 6

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)is _______ in patients with Alzheimer's disease; increasing GCSF via caffeine intake has been shown to ______ performance on memory tasks in laboratory animals.

A) lower; degrade
B) lower; improve
C) higher; degrade
D) higher; improve

Question 7

Of the major caffeine metabolites,__________,does not act in a similar way to caffeine.

A) theobromine
B) paraxanthine
C) theophylline
D) parabromine

Question 8

The most widely used psychoactive drug is:

A) caffeine.
B) nicotine.
C) alcohol.
D) cocaine.

Question 9

Moderate consumption of caffeine can:

A) substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
B) increase inflammation.
C) increase the risk of stroke.
D) protect against heart failure.

Question 10

Caffeinism is:

A) the study of caffeine.
B) the description of the effects of moderate doses of caffeine.
C) the study of people hypersensitive to caffeine.
D) a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine.

Question 11

Research suggests that daily coffee/caffeine use may provide a protective effect against:

A) bipolar disorder.
B) type 1 diabetes.
C) Huntington's disease.
D) Parkinson's disease.

Question 12

The half-life of caffeine is:

A) less than 30 minutes.
B) 3 to 10 hours.
C) 24 to 48 hours.
D) greater than two days.

Question 13

Adenosine is a _____ the discharge rate of many central neurons.

A) depressant that increases
B) depressant that decreases
C) stimulant that increases
D) stimulant that decreases

Question 14

The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be _____ receptotors.

A) stimulation of GABA_A
B) blockade of GABA_A
C) stimulation of adenosine
D) blockade of adenosine

Question 15

The antimigraine effect of caffeine appears to be due to:

A) increased cardiac output.
B) increased cardiac contractility.
C) dilatation of cerebral arteries.
D) decreased blood flow to the brain.

Question 16

Caffeine _____ coronary arteries and _____ cerebral blood vessels.

A) dilates; constricts
B) constricts; dilates
C) dilates; dilates
D) constricts; constricts

Question 17

The half-life of caffeine may be shortened in:

A) inactive ingredients.
B) an active ingredient.
C) two active ingredients.
D) three active ingredients.

Question 18

The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in:

A) plasma.
B) kidney.
C) liver.
D) bladder.

Question 19

Diego recently started taking an antidepressant.He also enjoys about 5-6 cups of coffee in the morning.However,he has noticed that he now feels anxious and jittery after drinking his coffee rather than just more alert in the mornings.The effects he is noticing are most likely due to ______ by the antidepressant.

A) inhibition of CYP-2A1
B) inhibition of CYP-1A2
C) stimulation of CYP-2A1
D) stimulation of CYP1A2

Question 20

Other than the brain,research suggests that caffeine consumption may be beneficial for the:

A) cardiovascular system.
B) urinary tract.
C) digestive tract.
D) immune system.

Question 21

In the heart,nicotine:

A) constricts coronary arteries.
B) dilates coronary arteries.
C) decreases cardiac contractility.
D) dilates coronary arteries while decreasing cardiac contractility.

Question 22

Caffeine,nicotine,and _____ are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in our society.

A) amphetamines
B) marijuana
C) alcohol
D) cocaine

Question 23

The majority of nicotine is metabolized in the:

A) plasma.
B) liver.
C) kidneys.
D) blood.

Question 24

Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A) Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking.
B) Nicotine is only one of 2,000 substances in tobacco.
C) Nicotine is secondary active ingredient in tobacco.
D) Nicotine makes cigarettes burn slower.

Question 25

The first morning cigarette in nicotine-dependent smokers is best described as:

A) positively reinforcing.
B) punishing.
C) negatively reinforcing.
D) secondarily reinforcing.

Question 26

The period of withdrawal from nicotine:

A) is typically less than 24 hours.
B) is typically 1 to 2 days.
C) is typically around one week in duration.
D) can persist for several weeks.

Question 27

The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______; the disease states are due to _______.

A) nicotine; nicotine
B) tar; nicotine
C) tar; tar
D) nicotine; tar

Question 28

The direct mechanism of action of nicotine on arousal levels is:

A) stimulation of dopamine receptors.
B) blockade of dopamine receptors.
C) stimulation of acetylcholine receptors.
D) blockade of acetylcholine receptors.

Question 29

The rewarding effects of nicotine involve:

A) nicotinic receptors and the nucleus accumbens.
B) nicotinic receptors on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area and dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.
C) glutamate release on neurons in the nucleus accumbens.
D) GABA release onto dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area and dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.

Question 30

When smoking a cigarette,about _____ of the nicotine enters the bloodstream.

A) 80%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 10%

Question 31

Nicotine is primarily metabolized by the ______ enzyme.

A) CYP-1A1
B) CYP-2D6
C) CYP-2A6
D) CYP-2E1

Question 32

The reinforcing effects of nicotine are the result of:

A) direct activation of dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.
B) direct blockade of dopamine release onto the ventral tegmental area.
C) indirect activation of dopamine receptors.
D) indirect blockade of dopamine receptors.

Question 33

Combustible tobacco use in the United States has ______ and loose tobacco use has _______ in the past 10 years.

A) decreased; decreased
B) snorting
C) hookah
D) gum

Question 34

The elimination half-life of nicotine in a chronic user is about:

A) 30 minutes.
B) 2 hours.
C) 12 to 24 hours.
D) greater than 24 hours.

Question 35

The reinforcing effect of caffeine appears to be due to:

A) increased release of dopamine in reward and motivation areas of the brain.
B) increased release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.
C) decreased release of dopamine in reward and motivation areas of the brain.
D) increased release of dopamine throughout the brain.

Question 36

The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system and hypothalamus are,respectively:

A) vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release.
B) vasoconstriction and diuretic hormone release.
C) vasodilation and diuretic hormone release .
D) vasodilation and antidiuretic hormone release.

Question 37

Adenosine levels ______ during the day promoting _____.

A) decrease; sleep
B) decrease; wakefulness
C) increase; sleep
D) increase; wakefulness

Question 38

Blockade of adenosine receptors _____ dopamine release by _____ GABA activity.

A) decreases;decreasing
B) decreases;increasing
C) increases;decreasing
D) increases;increasing

Question 39

The rewarding effects of nicotine involve:

A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) dopamine.

Question 40

Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may:

A) improve cognitive performance and arousal.
B) cause adult ADHD.
C) stimulate depression.
D) enhance sensory perception.

Question 41

Nicotine impairs cognitive functions such as working memory in nonsmokers.

Question 42

Generally speaking,people that regularly ingest coffee and tea may experience less cognitive deterioration as they grow older.

Question 43

Nicotine can improve performance on a variety of cognitive tasks due to acetylcholine.

Question 44

Caffeine,like theophylline and theobromine,belongs to a family of substances called xanthines.

Question 45

Cigarette smoking is associated with a rewarding effect.

Question 46

Among partial nicotine receptor agonists,evidence suggests that smokers using _______ increases their chances of quitting by two to three times in comparison to those that try to quit with no other assistance.

A) bupropion (Wellbutrin)
B) dianicline
C) cytisine
D) varenicline (Chantix)

Question 47

Smoking two packs of cigarettes per day for 20 years has been estimated to reduce life expectancy by 14 years.

Question 48

There are no barriers in the body to the distribution of nicotine.

Question 49

Nicotine may exert all of its cognitive effects by activating specific receptors for acetylcholine.

Question 50

Nicotine is one of 4,000 compounds released by burning cigarette tobacco.

Question 51

The addictive potential of nicotine is comparable to other illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine.

Question 52

The tar in tobacco is responsible for many of the psychoactive effects of cigarettes.

Question 53

Malakai is a moderate coffee drinker.Research suggests that this level of consumption may provide protection against heart failure.

Question 54

The drug that is no longer under development to aid in smoking cessation is:

A) nicotine.
B) buproprion.
C) varenicline.
D) dianicline.

Question 55

The carcinogen in cigarettes is the primary cause of ______ cancer.

A) bladder
B) pancreatic
C) lung
D) lip

Question 56

Nicotine is the primary addictive substance in cigarettes.

Question 57

Nicotine decreases dopamine levels in reward areas of the brain.

Question 58

The main effect of carbon monoxide on the heart is:

A) decreased oxygen supply to the heart.
B) decreased atherosclerosis.
C) decreased clotting.
D) decreased blood pressure.

Question 59

Nicotine stimulates the vomiting center in the brain.

Question 60

Some antidepressants can inhibit the metabolism of caffeine.

Question 61

Nicotine is thought to _____ nicotinic receptors on _____ neurons.

A) sensitize; glutamate
B) desensitize; GABA
C) sensitize; serotonin
D) desensitize; acetylcholine

Question 62

A 2012 report from the Surgeon General suggests that _____ use is higher among young adults and that use typically involves _____.

A) cigar; smoking via hookah
B) cigar; multiple forms of tobacco
C) chewing tobacco; smoking via hookah
D) chewing tobacco; multiple forms of tobacco

Question 63

Nicotine is carcinogenic.

Question 64

Research suggests that daily coffee/caffeine use may provide a protective effect against ______.

A) Bipolar disorder
B) Type 1 diabetes
C) Huntington's disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 65

Vaccine therapy for nicotine dependence appears to be clinically effective in essentially all subjects.

Question 66

Juan suffers from headaches.He takes over-the-counter medications for pain relief but also drinks a can of Monster®.The effects of the caffeine in the energy drink cause _____ of the cerebral blood vessels and _____ blood flow to the brain.

A) dilation; increased
B) constriction; increased
C) constriction; decreased
D) dilation; decreased

Question 67

Caffeinism

A) is associated with about 2 cups of coffee.
B) may cause depression in healthy individuals.
C) induces bipolar disorder in depressed patients.
D) may produce psychosis in healthy individuals.

Question 68

When a smoker lights up and begins smoking,they will,on average absorb about ______ of nicotine.

A) 10 mg
B) 20 mg
C) 2 mg
D) 5 mg

Question 69

The DSM-5 has proposed ______ Caffeine-Related Disorders.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 70

Nicotine withdrawal symptoms occur within about:

A) 15 minutes.
B) 30 minutes.
C) 1 hour.
D) 2 hours.

Question 71

Chronic caffeine use,even 100 milligrams per day,is associated with:

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) intoxication.
D) impaired motor function.

Question 72

Evidence suggests that nicotine may produce a _____ effect for patients with ______ disease.

A) protective; Alzheimer's
B) protective; Parkinson's
C) toxic; Alzheimer's
D) toxic; Parkinson's

Question 73

Pregnant women:

A) should completely avoid caffeine for the duration of their pregnancy.
B) may ingest moderate amounts of caffeine with alcohol.
C) should limit their daily intake to about 1 gram per day.
D) may ingest about 200 milligrams per day.

Question 74

When people start smoking,nicotine induces:

A) feelings of pleasure.
B) a decrease in blood pressure.
C) nausea.
D) altered heart rate.

Question 75

Tobacco use in the United States:

A) has increased since the 1950s.
B) remains at 50%.
C) is highest among those that are well educated.
D) is common in people with substance abuse and mental health issues.

Question 76

Of the major caffeine metabolites,_____,acts in a dissimilar way to caffeine.

A) theobromine
B) paraxanthine
C) theophylline
D) parabromine

Question 77

The lethal dose of caffeine is on the order of _____ grams.

A) 1.5
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 78

Caffeine promotes wakefulness by:

A) activating adenosine receptors.
B) agonistic activity at adenosine receptors.
C) antagonistic activity at adenosine receptors.
D) inhibiting calcium release from intracellular stores.

Question 79

The majority of the toxic effects of cigarettes are due to nicotine.

Question 80

Nicotine is secondarily metabolized by the ______ enzyme.

A) CYP1A1
B) CYP2D6
C) CYP2A6
D) CYP1E1