Deck 7: Stimulants Part 2 Cocaine, Amphetamine, Nonamphetamine Stimulants

Question 1

Cocaine is _____ metabolized into an _____ metabolite.

A) slowly; active
B) rapidly; active
C) slowly; inactive
D) rapidly; inactive

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The combination of cocaine and ethanol:

A) forms a compound that is more toxic than cocaine.
B) forms a compound that potentiates cocaine's toxicity.
C) produces a metabolite in liver that is more toxic than,and potentiates the effects of,cocaine.
D) forms a compound that inhibits the central nervous system effects of cocaine.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Psychostimulants are also called sympathomimetics,since they cause activation of the:

A) skeletal nervous system.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) parasympathetic nervous system.
D) central nervous system.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One obvious clinical sign of cocaine usage is:

A) pinpoint pupils.
B) dilated pupils.
C) hypotension.
D) low body temperature.

Question 5

_____,an agent used for treating worms in livestock,is often added to cocaine.

A) Levadopa
B) Levamidine
C) Levamide
D) Levamisole

Question 6

Cocaine's major mechanism of action is:

A) receptor stimulation.
B) receptor blockade.
C) enzyme inhibition.
D) reuptake blockade.

Question 7

The unique ester of benzoylecgonine is produced when enzymes in the:

A) liver metabolize cocaine.
B) liver metabolize ethyl alcohol.
C) plasma metabolize cocaine.
D) liver metabolize cocaine and ethyl alcohol.

Question 8

The acute effects of cocaine include all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) euphoria.
B) appetite suppression.
C) decreased activity.
D) positive feelings.

Question 9

The positive reinforcing effects of cocaine are most likely the result of action on the neurotransmitter:

A) norepinephrine.
B) dopamine.
C) serotonin.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 10

As opposed to crack cocaine,a "line" of powder cocaine:

A) acts on different receptors in the brain.
B) acts at different sites in the brain.
C) has a more rapid speed of onset.
D) typically yields about 1/10th to 1/40th the dose.

Question 11

The psychostimulants are thought to act most importantly through the following neurotransmitter:

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.

Question 12

Of the following brain sites,the one most clearly associated with a positive reinforcing action of drugs is the:

A) amygdala.
B) nucleus accumbens.
C) preorbital cortex.
D) insula.

Question 13

When snorting,the effect of cocaine on blood vessels is responsible for the:

A) slow speed of onset only.
B) slow speed of onset and small percentage absorbed.
C) high-speed of onset only.
D) high-speed of onset and small percentage absorbed.

Question 14

Cocaine's effects related to the cardiovascular system include all the following,EXCEPT increased:

A) heart rate.
B) blood flow to muscles.
C) blood flow to all brain sites.
D) blood pressure.

Question 15

Brain imaging studies suggest that the commonly abused dose of cocaine blocks:

A) only about 20% of dopamine transporters.
B) about 30% of dopamine transporters.
C) more than 60% of dopamine transporters.
D) virtually all dopamine receptors in the brain.

Question 16

As opposed to powder cocaine,crack cocaine:

A) acts on different receptors in the brain.
B) acts at different sites in the brain.
C) has a lower ceiling effect.
D) has a more rapid speed of onset.

Question 17

A primary effect of cocaine is:

A) local anesthesia.
B) vasodilation.
C) peripheral nervous system stimulation.
D) cardiac stimulant.

Question 18

Cocaethylene is a very potent blocker of _____channels in the heart.

A) sodium
B) potassim
C) calcium
D) chloride

Question 19

Cocaine poorly crosses the mucosal membrane mainly because the:

A) drug is water-soluble in its hydrochloride form.
B) molecules are too small to pass through mucosal membranes.
C) drug is a potent vasodilator.
D) drug is a potent vasoconstrictor.

Question 20

Cocaine acts through all of the following neurotransmitters,EXCEPT:

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) dopamine.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 21

At low doses,the major mechanism of action of amphetamine is:

A) direct receptor stimulation.
B) receptor blockade.
C) enhanced reuptake.
D) increased release of dopamine.

Question 22

Infants exposed to cocaine in utero are more likely to experience all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) congenital abnormalities.
B) cardiac abnormalities.
C) brain malformations.
D) cleft palate.

Question 23

High doses of amphetamine are thought to stimulate:

A) release of norepinephrine.
B) reuptake of norepinephrine.
C) release of dopamine.
D) reuptake of dopamine.

Question 24

A pregnant female that binges on cocaine during the first trimester:

A) may result in lower birth weight for the child.
B) may cause decreased head circumference.
C) will likely cause the child to be smaller at birth.
D) is likely to induce a spontaneous abortion.

Question 25

Intravenous cocaine users will often take ______simultaneously to reduce the jitteriness caused by cocaine.

A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) morphine
D) marijuana

Question 26

High doses of cocaine,especially over longer periods of time,induce symptoms remarkably similar to:

A) ADHD.
B) depression.
C) hebephrenia.
D) paranoid schizophrenia (toxic paranoid psychosis).

Question 27

Stereotypical behaviors result from _____ doses of amphetamine.

A) acute low
B) chronic low
C) acute high
D) chronic high

Question 28

Currently,amphetamine is legitimately used to treat:

A) depression.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) ADHD.
D) PTSD.

Question 29

At low doses,all amphetamines have the following effects,EXCEPT:

A) decrease blood pressure.
B) relax bronchial muscles.
C) inhibit eating.
D) act as a powerful stimulant.

Question 30

In pregnant females,cocaine crosses the placenta resulting in the prescence of all of the following in the fetus,EXCEPT:

A) benzoilecgonine.
B) norcocaine.
C) cocaethylene.
D) cocaine.

Question 31

In comparison to cocaine,amphetamine:

A) is more lipid soluble.
B) also acts as a local anesthetic.
C) has a longer half-life.
D) is less potent.

Question 32

The therapeutic use(s)of amphetamine is(are):

A) treatment of narcolepsy.
B) treatment of ADHD.
C) appetite suppression.
D) both narcolepsy and ADHD.

Question 33

Children born to cocaine-dependent mothers have an increased probability of starting to use drugs; this effect has been correlated with:

A) maternal attachment issues.
B) personality changes associate with cocaine exposure.
C) emotional expressivity issues.
D) decreased gray matter volume.

Question 34

The net effect of amphetamine is most likely the result of action on the neurotransmitter:

A) norepinephrine.
B) dopamine.
C) serotonin.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 35

In the 1960s,speed was commonly abused,however use began to decline in the 1970s for all of the following reasons,EXCEPT:

A) better antidepressants were developed.
B) drug companies altered the formulation of amphetamine.
C) drug companies reduced production of the drug.
D) users realized the dangers of compulsive use.

Question 36

Ice is to methamphetamine as:

A) cocaine is to amphetamine.
B) cocaine is to crack.
C) ice is to crack.
D) crack is to cocaine.

Question 37

After the acute effects of cocaine wear off,heavy users of cocaine experience:

A) sexual dysfunction.
B) enhanced awareness.
C) visual hallucinations.
D) auditory hallucinations.

Question 38

The pharmacological response to amphetamines will vary based on all of the following factors,EXCEPT:

A) dose.
B) the specific type of amphetamine.
C) route of administration.
D) frequency of use.

Question 39

The subjective effects of cocaine are indistinguishable from those of:

A) anxiolytics.
B) sedatives.
C) hallucinogens.
D) amphetamines.

Question 40

Heavy cocaine use leads to:

A) chronically dilated pupils.
B) cardiac arrhythmias.
C) higher diastolic blood pressure.
D) aortic softening.

Question 41

Ritalin's major mechanism of action is on the neurotransmitter:

A) norepinephrine.
B) dopamine.
C) serotonin.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 42

Cocaine acts as an aphrodisiac.

Question 43

Prolonged use of cocaine can produce symptoms of toxic paranoid psychosis or paranoid schizophrenia.

Question 44

Most cocaine abusers restrict drug abuse to cocaine.

Question 45

Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine dependency include all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) increased appetite.
B) decreased energy.
C) increased need for sleep.
D) altered pain threshold.

Question 46

Cocaine and ethanol interact uniquely to form a pharmacologically active metabolite more toxic than cocaine.

Question 47

Orally administered methylphenidate is less reinforcing than cocaine because it:

A) affects different neurotransmitters.
B) affects different regions in the brain.
C) is metabolized more slowly.
D) is absorbed more slowly.

Question 48

The stimulant Ritalin's mechanism of action is most like that of:

A) cocaine.
B) amphetamines.
C) ephedrine.
D) parasympathomimetics.

Question 49

Cocaine users often self-administer cocaine with heroin or alcohol.

Question 50

Ritalin is a:

A) form of cocaine.
B) form of amphetamine.
C) nonamphetamine stimulant.
D) form of cocaine that is a nonamphetamine stimulant.

Question 51

Amphetamine stimulates the release of dopamine and blocks transport back into the presynaptic cell.

Question 52

Cocaine blocks the transport / reuptake of all monoamine neurotransmitters.

Question 53

Cocaine and amphetamine are subjectively virtually indistinguishable.

Question 54

Ritalin's major mechanism of action is:

A) direct receptor stimulation.
B) transporter blockade.
C) receptor inhibition.
D) increased release of neurotransmitter.

Question 55

Cardiac side effects are the single greatest cause of premature deaths from cocaine.

Question 56

Armodafinil (Nuvigal)is the active isomer of modafinil (Provigil).As such,you would not be surprised to discover that,compared to modafinil,Nuvigal is:

A) half as efficacious.
B) half as potent.
C) twice as efficacious.
D) twice as potent.

Question 57

Modafinil (Provigil)is a _____ stimulant used to promote _____.

A) amphetamine; sleep
B) amphetamine; alertness
C) nonamphetamine; wakefulness
D) nonamphetamine; eating

Question 58

In his early writings,Sigmund Freud recommended the use of cocaine for treatment of depression.

Question 59

Cocaine easily crosses the placental barrier and becomes concentrated in the fetus during pregnancy.

Question 60

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases appetite.

Question 61

Amphetamine abuse declined in the 1960s and 1970s due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) Drug companies decreased production of the drug.
B) Users recognized that it was dangerous to use the drug compulsively.
C) The focus on use for treating depression declined because better antidepressants were introduced.
D) A new form of the drug appeared on the street that could be smoked known as "ice."

Question 62

All of the following are effects produced by normal doses of amphetamine EXCEPT:

A) It interacts with storage vesicles stimulating the release of dopamine into the synapse.
B) It binds to monoamine oxidase (MAO)preventing the degradation of dopamine.
C) It induces the release of dopamine by binding to the presynaptic membrane.
D) It binds to the presynaptic dopamine transporter effectively causing the receptor to extrude dopamine.

Question 63

When intravenously injected,Ritalin produces a cocainelike "rush."

Question 64

Modafinil (Provigil)promotes wakefulness through actions on dopamine transporters much like cocaine.

Question 65

Perhaps the most common toxic effects observed in heavy cocaine users are to the:

A) liver.
B) kidneys.
C) digestive tract.
D) cardiovascular system.

Question 66

Vigabatrin appears to function through actions on GABA as well as reducing dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 67

Cocaine hydrochloride does not cross mucus membranes well because it is:

A) cocaethanol.
B) ethylcocaine.
C) cocaoethylene.
D) cocaethylene.

Question 68

Cocaine-dependent individuals may suffer from all of the following comorbid conditions EXCEPT:

A) panic attacks.
B) PTSD.
C) ADHD.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 69

Alice is a heavy cocaine user,often binging for days at a time.She recently discovered that she is pregnant.Given that it is early in her pregnancy,her pattern of cocaine use will likely result in:

A) congenital anomalies.
B) a low birth weight for the child.
C) decreased head circumference for the child.
D) a spontaneous abortion.

Question 70

The effects of cocaine primarily involve the neurotransmitter:

A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) dopamine.
D) GABA.

Question 71

Cocaine-induced psychosis may lead to a condition called ______ that,for the user,feels like bugs crawling beneath the skin.

A) paranoia
B) formication
C) "the rush"
D) "the freeze"

Question 72

Prenatal cocaine exposure may:

A) enhance attentiveness in an infant.
B) facilitate emotional expressivity in a child.
C) increase the probability of adolescent delinquency.
D) reduce the possibility of ADHD in the child.

Question 73

Methylphenidate (Ritalin),when taken orally,is rapidly absorbed into the brain.

Question 74

Ritalin's mechanism of action is more like that of amphetamine than cocaine.

Question 75

Sigmund Freud encouraged the use of cocaine to treat _______.

A) anxiety
B) panic attacks
C) bipolar disorder
D) depression

Question 76

Amphetamine,in comparison to cocaine,

A) is shorter acting.
B) is more water soluble.
C) has a longer half-life.
D) may be used as a local anesthetic.

Question 77

Methamphetamine was originally synthesized from:

A) ma-huang.
B) cocaine.
C) benzedrine
D) ephedrine.

Question 78

Amphetamine,like cocaine,produces significant appetite suppression.

Question 79

Cocaine has all of the following properties EXCEPT:

A) vasodilator.
B) psychostimulant.
C) potent local anesthetic.
D) cardiac depressant.

Question 80

Simultaneous administration of cocaine and alcohol results in the formation of a metabolite called:

A) hydrophilic.
B) a vasoconstrictor.
C) a vasodilator.
D) insoluble.