Deck 20: Collective Behavior, social Movements, and Social Change

Question 1

Absolute deprivation refers to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Resource mobilization theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Rumors thrive when tensions are low and when an abundance of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Sociologists define social change as the alteration,modification,or transformation of public policy,culture,or social institutions over time;such change is usually brought about by collective behavior and social movements.

Question 5

A classic example of mass hysteria with a widely dispersed audience was the audience reaction to actor Orson Welles's 1938 radio dramatization of H.G.Wells's science fiction classic "The War of the Worlds."

Question 6

Sociologists distinguish among movements on the basis of their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce.Some movements seek to change people whereas others seek to change society.

Question 7

Religious (expressive)movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior.For example,early in the 20^th century,the Women's Christian Temperance Union attempted to get people to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages.

Question 8

Frame bridging refers to the process whereby the creation and maintenance of new values,beliefs,and meanings induce movement participation by redefining activities and events in such a manner that people believe they must become involved in collective action.

Question 9

A collectivity is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend,bypass,or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.

Question 10

The United States still has one of the best public education systems in the world for the top 15 percent of the students,but it badly fails the bottom 25 percent.

Question 11

Very similar to the organizational behavior found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions and environmental organizations),collective behavior also has an official division of labor,hierarchy of authority,and established rules and procedures.

Question 12

When successful framing occurs,the individual's vague dissatisfactions are turned into well­ defined grievances,and people are compelled to join the movement in an effort to reduce or eliminate those grievances.

Question 13

A fad is defined as a currently valued style of behavior,thinking,or appearance.Unlike fashions,fads tend to be longer lasting.Fashions are a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

Question 14

Scholar Gustave Le Bon asserted that emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience an increase in personal responsibility;they will do things by themselves that they would never do as a collectivity.

Question 15

According to sociologist Robert Park,social unrest is transmitted by a process of circular reaction
-the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is
communicated to another who,in turn,reflects the discontent back to the first person.

Question 16

Public opinion consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.It is measured through polls and surveys,which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires.

Question 17

People engaging in collective behavior may be divided into crowds and masses.A crowd is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.By contrast,a mass is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

Question 18

Social movements are more likely to develop in preindustrial societies than in industrialized societies,where acceptance of traditional beliefs and practices makes such movements unlikely.

Question 19

When social movements reach the institutionalization (bureaucratization)stage,the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish as administrators take over management of the organization.Early grassroots supporters may become disillusioned and drop out.

Question 20

Based on sociologist Neil Smelser's value­added theory,the structured strain condition states that when a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,strain occurs in the system.The ensuing tension and conflict contribute to the development of a social movement based on people's belief that the problem would not exist if authorities had done what they were supposed to do.

Question 21

Three major factors contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur.Which of the following is NOT a factor?

A)structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way
B)timing
C)biological factors that decrease the chances of people responding in a specific manner
D)a breakdown in social control mechanisms and a corresponding feeling of normlessness

Question 22

A______________is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

A)mass
B)critical mass
C)category
D)crowd

Question 23

______________ is voluntary,often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values.

A)Social change
B)Organizational behavior
C)Institutional behavior
D)Collective behavior

Question 24

All social movements go through the same stages.

Question 25

An example of a______________is the proliferation of "bloggers" on the Internet and social networking sites.

A)category
B)crowd
C)reference group
D)mass

Question 26

Since the 1980s,the emerging environmental justice movement has focused on the issue of environmental racism-the belief that a disproportionate number of hazardous facilities (including industries such as waste disposal/treatment and chemical plants)are placed in low-income areas populated primarily by people of color.

Question 27

Unlike the______________behavior that is found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions),collective behavior lacks an official division of labor,hierarchy of authority,and established rules and procedures.

A)administrative
B)institutional
C)organizational
D)change-based

Question 28

Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a(n),which is a number of people who act together and may mutually
_____________
Transcend,bypass,or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.

A)administrative organization
B)change-based organization
C)social movement
D)collectivity

Question 29

People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of______________crowds.

A)casual
B)expressive
C)acting
D)conventional

Question 30

Unlike behavior (for example,in education,religion,or politics),collective behavior _____________
Lacks established norms to govern behavior.

A)administrative
B)institutional
C)organizational
D)change-based

Question 31

Ethnocentrism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist,peace,and ecology movements.It is based on the belief that patriarchy is a root cause of environmental problems.

Question 32

In relation to the dynamics of collective behavior,which of the following is FALSE?

A)When people can communicate quickly and easily with one another,spontaneous behavior is more likely.
B)When people are gathered together in several locations,they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus.
C)When people are gathered together in one general location,they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus.
D)People's attitudes are not always reflected in their political and social behavior.

Question 33

______________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus.

A)Acting
B)Expressive
C)Conventional
D)Casual

Question 34

Sociologist William Ogburn suggested that when a change in the material culture occurs in society,a period of cultural diffusion follows in which the nonmaterial (ideological)culture has not caught up with material development.

Question 35

New social movement theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality,as sources of collective action and social movements.

Question 36

A______________is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.

A)mass
B)category
C)crowd
D)reference group

Question 37

Examples of a______________include the audience in a movie theater or people at a pep rally for a sporting event.

A)category
B)mass
C)crowd
D)tertiary group

Question 38

______________ crowds are relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time;if they interact at all,it is only briefly.

A)Conventional
B)Casual
C)Acting
D)Expressive

Question 39

Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories.Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?

A)casual
B)expressive
C)acting
D)nontraditional

Question 40

According to sociologist John Lofland,a(n)______________refers to the "publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behavior."

A)aggregate opinion
B)mass point of view
C)dominant emotion
D)prominent feeling

Question 41

According to the text,______________was the first U.S.sociologist to investigate crowd behavior.

A)Robert Park
B)Clark McPhail
C)Herbert Blumer
D)Ralph Turner

Question 42

The most common type of______________occurs when people seek to escape from a perceived danger,fearing that few (if any)of them will be able to get away from that danger.They also arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control.

A)mob
B)aggregate
C)panic
D)riot

Question 43

______________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior;it attempts to explain how moods,attitudes,and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others.

A)Psychoanalysis
B)Convergence theory
C)Emergent norm theory
D)Contagion theory

Question 44

______________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.

A)Protest
B)Expressive
C)Acting
D)Conventional

Question 45

Because of its______________,a crowd has the ability to transform individuals from rational beings into a single organism with a collective mind.

A)anonymity
B)explosiveness
C)hostile nature
D)disobedient nature

Question 46

Sometimes,acts of civil disobedience become violent,as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers;in this case,a protest crowd becomes a(n)______________crowd.

A)conventional
B)acting
C)aggressive
D)deviant

Question 47

A(n)______________is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in,or are ready to engage in,violence against a specific target-a person,a category of people,or physical property.

A)riot
B)collectivity
C)mob
D)aggregate

Question 48

A(n)______________is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior.

A)panic
B)riot
C)mob
D)aggregate

Question 49

Love Canal residents were engaging in______________behavior when they called attention to their problems with the chemical dump site by staging a protest in which they "burned in effigy" the governor and the health commissioner to emphasize their displeasure with the lack of response from these public officials.

A)aggregate
B)mob
C)riot
D)nuclear

Question 50

In the 1960s,African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change.When these types of protests escalate into violent confrontations,these groups become______________crowds.

A)conventional
B)deviant
C)acting
D)aggressive

Question 51

Scholar______________focused on crowd psychology and developed the contagion theory.

A)Clark McPhail
B)Gustave Le Bon
C)Robert Park
D)Herbert Blumer

Question 52

Worshipers at religious revival services;mourners lining the streets when a celebrity,public official,or religious leader has died;and revelers assembled at Mardi Gras or at Times Square in New York on New Year's Eve are examples of a(n)______________crowd.

A)conventional
B)acting
C)expressive
D)casual

Question 53

A(n)is violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but not _____________
Directed at one specific target.

A)mob
B)collectivity
C)riot
D)aggregate

Question 54

Examples of a(n) _____________
Include celebrations after sports victories,such as those that
Occurred in Montreal,Canada,following a Stanley Cup win and in Vancouver following a playoff victory.

A)aggregate
B)mob
C)collectivity
D)riot

Question 55

Examples of______________crowds include sit-ins,marches,boycotts,blockades,and strikes.

A)rebel
B)revolutionary
C)militant
D)protest

Question 56

Mobs,riots,and panics are examples of______________crowds.

A)acting
B)casual
C)expressive
D)conventional

Question 57

______________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy,excitement,or grief).

A)Protest
B)Expressive
C)Acting
D)Conventional

Question 58

______________ is nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

A)A peaceful riot
B)A quiet mob
C)Civil disobedience
D)A rumor

Question 59

Sociologists Clark McPhail and Ronald Wohlstein added______________crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer.These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.

A)militant
B)protest
C)rebel
D)revolutionary

Question 60

Religious services,graduation ceremonies,concerts,and college lectures are examples of a(n) crowd.

A)casual
B)expressive
C)acting
D)conventional

Question 61

______________ refer(s)to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.

A)Mass hysteria
B)Gossip
C)Fads
D)Panic

Question 62

______________ is/are collective behavior(s)that take(s)place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another)respond to the same event in much the same way.

A)Social movements
B)Social unrest
C)Civil disobedience
D)Mass behavior

Question 63

In 1938,actor Orson Welles hosted a radio broadcast dramatizing H.G.Wells' science fiction classic The War of the Worlds.A CBS radio dance music program was interrupted suddenly by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were in the process of conquering the earth.The ensuing reaction is an example of:

A)mass hysteria
B)propaganda
C)public opinion
D)mob behavior

Question 64

The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on:

A)clothing,especially women's apparel
B)men's accessories
C)the t-shirt craze
D)hairstyles

Question 65

In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake,relief was slow in coming and looting was commonplace.For those who were caught stealing other people's possessions,"mob justice" became an issue.This illustrates which theory?

A)convergence
B)contagion
C)emergent norm
D)circular reaction

Question 66

______________ consist(s)of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.

A)Fads
B)Fashion
C)Rumor
D)Public opinion

Question 67

______________ focuses on the shared emotions,goals,and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior.

A)Circular reaction
B)Mob psychology
C)Emergent norm theory
D)Convergence theory

Question 68

In his study of a lynch mob,social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that:

A)the participants came from widely divergent backgrounds
B)the characteristics of the participants made them susceptible to joining a lynch mob even if they did not know the target of the lynching
C)the participants came from the middle and upper-middle classes
D)participants knew,and did not like,the target of the lynching

Question 69

______________ refers to unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject.

A)A rumor
B)Gossip
C)Mass hysteria
D)Panic

Question 70

______________ is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

A)Fashion
B)A fad
C)Gossip
D)A rumor

Question 71

______________ theory emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior.

A)Convergence
B)Contagion
C)Emergent norm
D)Circular reaction

Question 72

Sociologist______________suggested a classic "trickle­down" theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class.

A)Herbert Blumer
B)Pierre Bourdieu
C)Thorstein Veblen
D)Georg Simmel

Question 73

Sociologist______________asserted that fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy.

A)Georg Simmel
B)Thorstein Veblen
C)Pierre Bourdieu
D)Herbert Blumer

Question 74

The most frequent types of______________behavior are rumors,gossip,mass hysteria,public opinion,fashions,and fads.

A)riot
B)mob
C)panic
D)mass

Question 75

The Internet,cellular phones,and satellite systems all contribute to the:

A)causation of acting behavior
B)impetus of mass behavior
C)stimulus of riot behavior
D)spread of rumors

Question 76

According to the text,which of the following is true of rumors?

A)While rumors may spread through an assembled collectivity,they also may be transmitted among people who are dispersed geographically.
B)Although they initially may contain a kernel of truth,as they spread,rumors may be modified to serve the interests of those repeating them.
C)Rumors thrive when tensions are high and little authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.
D)All of these choices are characteristics of rumors.

Question 77

Sociologist______________viewed gossip as something that spread among a small group of individuals who personally knew the person who was the object of the rumor.

A)George Herbert Mead
B)Herbert Blumer
C)Charles Horton Cooley
D)Georg Simmel

Question 78

______________ is defined as a currently valued style of behavior,thinking,or appearance.

A)Mass behavior
B)A fad
C)Fashion
D)Public opinion

Question 79

______________ is a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat.

A)Gossip
B)Rumor
C)Mass hysteria
D)Panic

Question 80

According to sociologist Robert Park,social unrest is transmitted by a process of______________- the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another who,in turn,reflects the discontent back to the first person.

A)convergence
B)mob psychology
C)circular reaction
D)emergent norms