Deck 18: Health,health Care,and Disability

Question 1

The medical-industrial complex encompasses both local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Two of the most common sources of disease and premature death are marijuana and heroin use.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

There are many reasons for differences in life expectancy and infant mortality rates between low- income and high-income nations.Many people in low-income countries have insufficient or contaminated food;lack access to pure,safe water;and do not have adequate sewage and refuse disposal.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under five years of age per 10,000 live births in a given year.The infant mortality rate in some low-income nations is staggering.

Question 5

Functionalists emphasize the political,economic,and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system.Among the issues of concern to this approach are the ability of all people to obtain health care;how race,class,and gender inequalities affect health and health care;power relationships between doctors and other health care workers;the dominance of the medical model of health care;and the role of profit in the health care system.

Question 6

Crack cocaine is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.

Question 7

Health involves not only the absence of disease,but also a positive sense of wellness.In other words,health is a multidimensional phenomenon-it includes physical,social,and psychological factors.

Question 8

According to the functionalist approach,if society is to function as a stable system,it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society.Consequently,sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society.

Question 9

Throughout its history in the United States,medical care has been on a fee-for-service basis: patients are billed individually for each service they receive,including treatment by doctors,laboratory work,hospital visits,prescription,and other health-related expenses.

Question 10

Acute diseases are illnesses that are long-term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth.In contrast,chronic diseases are illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death.

Question 11

In the 1960s and 1970s,the number of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)increased rapidly with the introduction of the birth control pill,which led to women having more sexual partners and couples being less likely to use barrier contraceptives (such as condoms).

Question 12

Life expectancy refers to an estimate of the average lifetime of people born in a specific year.

Question 13

The United States has two nationwide public health insurance programs,Medicare and Medicaid.Medicare is a jointly funded federal-state-local program,established to make health care more available to the poor,whereas Medicaid is a program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.

Question 14

Contrary to popular belief,a woman who is HIV positive cannot pass the virus on to her child during pregnancy,childbirth,or breast feeding.

Question 15

Up until recently,the United States was the only developed nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens.

Question 16

Cultural ethnology is the study of the causes and distribution of health,disease,and impairment throughout a population.Typically,the targets of the study are disease agents,the environment,and the human host.

Question 17

Canada has a universal health care system-a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues.In Canada,these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens.

Question 18

Created in an effort to provide workers with health coverage by keeping costs down,health maintenance organizations (HMOs)provide,for a set monthly fee,total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.

Question 19

Holistic medicine is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person-body and mind-rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur.

Question 20

After decades of debate,social analysts have come to a consensus that mental illness is indeed a myth.

Question 21

There are many reasons for differences in life expectancy and infant mortality rates in low-income countries as compared to high-income countries.Which of the following is NOT an aspect of health care in low-income countries?

A)insufficient or contaminated food
B)lack of access to pure,safe water
C)lack of adequate sewage and refuse disposal
D)ample qualified physicians and health care facilities

Question 22

At the beginning of the 21^st century,many people with mental disorders do not receive professional treatment.However,mental disorders-particularly substance­related ones (due to alcohol and other drug abuse)-are the leading cause of hospitalization for women between the ages of eighteen and forty-four.

Question 23

______________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health.

A)Holistic medicine
B)Healing
C)Medicine
D)Health care

Question 24

Life expectancy ranges worldwide from a low of about______________in Chad to about in Monaco.

A)49;90
B)43;85
C)55;72
D)40;78

Question 25

In comparing health care expenditures and the overall physical well-being of a people,which of the following is TRUE?

A)There does not appear to be a direct relationship between the two.
B)Sweden spends less on health care but has a higher infant mortality rate.
C)Sweden has a shorter life expectancy.
D)The more money spent on health care,the better the health of the people.

Question 26

______________ are illnesses that are long-term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth.

A)Disabilities
B)Acute diseases
C)Epidemics
D)Chronic diseases

Question 27

In relation to social epidemiology,______________take(s)into account demographic factors (age,sex,and race/ethnicity),physical condition,habits and customs,and lifestyle.

A)the human host
B)disease agents
C)health coefficients
D)the environment

Question 28

______________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of illness.

A)Health care
B)Medicine
C)Scientific medicine
D)Holistic medicine

Question 29

Most deaths in low- and middle-income countries are from______________.

A)cancer
B)infectious and parasitic disease
C)HIV/AIDs
D)malnutrition

Question 30

In studying health,postmodern theorists focus on the meanings that social actors give their illness or disease and how these affect people's self­concept and relationships with others.Also,we socially construct "health and illness" and how both should be treated.

Question 31

In relation to social epidemiology,______________include(s)the physical (geography and climate),biological (presence or absence of known disease agents),and social (socioeconomic status,occupation,and location of home).

A)health coefficients
B)disease agents
C)the human host
D)the environment

Question 32

Environment,lifestyle,and working conditions may all contribute to either temporary or chronic disability.

Question 33

Many low-income nations have astounding infant mortality rates.For example in Afghanistan,______________infants under one year of age die per 1,000 births.

A)50
B)111
C)150
D)176

Question 34

The______________is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A)child mortality rate
B)infant mortality rate
C)first year of life rate
D)baby mortality

Question 35

In relation to social epidemiology,______________include(s)biological agents such as insects,bacteria,and viruses that carry or cause disease;nutrient agents such as fats and carbohydrates;chemical agents such as gases and pollutants in the air;and physical agents such as temperature,humidity,and radiation.

A)the human host
B)the environment
C)disease agents
D)health coefficients

Question 36

______________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health,disease,and impairment throughout a population.

A)Sociology of medicine
B)Social epidemiology
C)Social health
D)Social medicine

Question 37

Medicalization may occur on three levels: the conceptual level (use of medical terminology to define the problem),the institutional level (physicians are supervisors of treatment and gatekeepers to applying for benefits),and the interactional level (when physicians treat patients' conditions as medical problems).

Question 38

The removal of certain behaviors (such as homosexuality)from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association and the deinstitutionalization of mental health patients are examples of medicalization.

Question 39

Maternal deaths during childbirth in lower-income nations are______________times higher than for those in higher-income countries.

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)15

Question 40

The World Health Organization (WHO)defines health as a(n):

A)state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being
B)absence of disease
C)absence of sickness,viruses,and physical pains
D)state of equilibrium,with all the parts in balance

Question 41

Marijuana use is associated with______________.

A)liver failure
B)a significant drop in IQ among young users
C)no ill health affects
D)sudden cardiac arrest

Question 42

Tobacco (nicotine)is classified as a(n)______________because it excites central nervous system receptors and activates them to release adrenaline,which raises blood pressure,speeds up the heartbeat,and gives the user a temporary sense of alertness.

A)depressant
B)hallucinogen
C)stimulant
D)inhalant

Question 43

______________ is a progressive development of scar tissue that chokes off blood vessels in the liver and destroys liver cells by interfering with their own use of oxygen.

A)Alcoholic cirrhosis
B)Cardiovascular deficiencies
C)Alcoholic deficiencies
D)Cardiovascular cirrhosis

Question 44

As a dependency-producing psychoactive drug,______________is more addictive than______________.

A)heroin;alcohol
B)heroin;tobacco (nicotine)
C)alcohol;tobacco (nicotine)
D)tobacco (nicotine);heroin

Question 45

______________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for a specific purpose.

A)Pleasure
B)Therapeutic
C)Chronic
D)Recreational

Question 46

Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are______________and .

A)cancer;tuberculosis
B)accidents;suicide
C)alcohol use;tobacco use
D)prescription drug abuse;physician error

Question 47

Recent research tends to suggest that both physical and mental health effects from______________,which is defined as a sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance,are important concerns.

A)upheaval
B)social catastrophe
C)disaster
D)terrorism

Question 48

A person taking an aspirin for reducing a fever is an example of______________drug use.

A)recreational
B)chronic
C)pleasure
D)therapeutic

Question 49

Although the overall population has declined somewhat since the 1964 Surgeon General warning that smoking is linked to cancer and other serious diseases,tobacco is still responsible for about of the deaths in the United States.

A)one-third
B)one-fifth
C)three-fourths
D)two-thirds

Question 50

Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke:

A)affects smokers more so than nonsmokers
B)affects female smokers more than it does male smokers
C)is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work in confined spaces with heavy smokers
D)is not as dangerous as once assumed

Question 51

______________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.

A)Recreational
B)Chronic
C)Therapeutic
D)Acute

Question 52

A______________is any substance other than food and water that,when taken into the body,alters its function in some way.

A)drink
B)juice
C)drug
D)vitamin

Question 53

Gender roles and gender socialization contribute to the differences in life expectancy because .

A)Young women are more likely than young men to be socialized to engage in risky behavior.
B)women are more likely to be employed in hazardous situations.
C)Men are more reluctant to consult doctors than women.
D)Women are less likely than men to use the health care system and have early testing for potential health problems.

Question 54

______________ are illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death.

A)Epidemics
B)Acute diseases
C)Disabilities
D)Chronic diseases

Question 55

The Census Bureau projects that about______________percent of the U.S.population will be at least 65 by the year 2050.

A)15
B)21
C)25
D)30

Question 56

People drinking alcoholic beverages together at the local pub is an example of______________drug use.

A)therapeutic
B)chronic
C)acute
D)recreational

Question 57

The Census Bureau projects the population of persons over 80 will______________by the year 2050.

A)remain the same
B)decrease substantially
C)double
D)triple

Question 58

______________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.

A)Tobacco
B)Marijuana
C)Heroin
D)Alcohol

Question 59

The lowest number of adult binge drinkers is found in the______________region of the United States.

A)Northwest
B)Northeast
C)Southeast
D)West

Question 60

Older people are more likely to have______________diseases.

A)acute
B)epidemic
C)chronic
D)infectious

Question 61

Almost all people with HIV live in low- and middle-income countries,particularly______________.

A)the United States
B)Southeast Asia
C)sub-Saharan Africa
D)Canada

Question 62

The National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that currently,there are a total of______________people that have HIV/AIDS in the United States.

A)1.9 million
B)2.7 million
C)3.3 million
D)1.2 million

Question 63

Although most people find sexual activity enjoyable,it can result in transmission of certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)such as______________which is the most prevalent STD in the United States.

A)genital herpes
B)gonorrhea
C)fever blisters
D)syphilis

Question 64

AIDS is caused by the:

A)human immunity virus
B)human immunodeficiency virus
C)high level immunity virus
D)acquired human virus

Question 65

Which technological advance dramatically increased rate of STDs in the United States?

A)condoms
B)penicillin
C)the birth control pill
D)abstinence

Question 66

Compared with non-users,individuals who use cocaine over an extended period of time have:

A)higher rates of infection
B)heart problems
C)internal bleeding
D)all of the above health problems

Question 67

With professionalization,______________gained control over the entire medical establishment.

A)the American Medical Association
B)licensed medical doctors
C)insurance companies
D)medical schools

Question 68

Until recently______________was/were the only high-income nations without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens.

A)New Zealand
B)the United States
C)the United States and Japan
D)the United States and Switzerland

Question 69

The______________became the catalyst for modern medical education.

A)Coleman Report
B)Landsteiner Report
C)Ford Foundation
D)Flexner Report

Question 70

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Flexner report?

A)All but two of the African American medical schools were closed.
B)Only one of the medical schools for women survived.
C)White women and people of color were heavily recruited to attend private medical schools.
D)White upper-middle class males became the American model of medical students and physicians.

Question 71

Both gonorrhea and syphilis______________.

A)are rare in the United States
B)can cause brain damage
C)both can result in nutritional deficiencies
D)are modern STDs

Question 72

AIDS was first identified in:

A)1972
B)1978
C)1981
D)1985

Question 73

To make medicine in the United States more scientific,the______________commissioned an official study of medical education.

A)Rockefeller Foundation
B)American Medical Association
C)Carnegie Foundation
D)American Psychiatric Association

Question 74

______________ means that patients are billed individually for each service that they receive,including treatment by doctors,laboratory work,hospital visits,prescriptions,and other health-related expenses.

A)Third-party provider
B)Fee-for-service basis
C)Health maintenance organization
D)Managed care basis

Question 75

Regarding the transmission of HIV,which of the following is FALSE?

A)HIV is transmitted through unprotected or inadequately protected sex with an infected partner.
B)HIV is transmitted through sharing a hypodermic needle with someone who is infected with HIV.
C)An infected mother can pass the virus on to her child through breastfeeding the child.
D)HIV can be transmitted through casual contact,such as shaking hands.

Question 76

The annual number of new HIV infections worldwide since 2011 is about______________million people.

A)1
B)2.5
C)5
D)10

Question 77

Cocaine is a widely used illegal drug.About______________million people over the age of 12 in the United States report that they have used cocaine at least once.

A)13
B)5
C)22.6
D)43

Question 78

Throughout its history in the United States,medical care has been on a:

A)fee-for-service basis
B)third-party provider basis
C)health maintenance organization basis
D)managed care basis

Question 79

Which of the following was NOT a reason eventually leading to the reduction of the number of medical schools at the end of the eighteenth century?

A)Medical school graduates were frustrated.
B)There were too many doctors in the profession.
C)There were too many "poor student" graduates.
D)The federal government began to provide too many funds for medical schools and students.

Question 80

All of the following are effects of fee-for-service medicine EXCEPT that:

A)it has created a two-tier system of medicine
B)it is available for those who can afford it
C)it has contributed to remarkable advances in medicine
D)private insurers pick up large portions of doctor bills