Deck 8: The Global Expansion of Homo Sapiens and Their Technology

Question 1

All of the following are drawbacks associated with the DNA evidence of tracing African origins except:

A)scientists assume the DNA is originating in Africa and migrating out,but it could also be migrating into Africa.
B)mtDNA is not always passed from mother to child;sometimes,it skips a generation.
C)scientists assume that selective pressures do not affect the DNA,but there is evidence for selective pressure on mtDNA.
D)both models suggest steady rates of mutation,and mutation is notoriously uneven.
E)mtDNA studies exclude information carried on the Y chromosome.

Answer 1

mtDNA is not always passed from mother to child;sometimes,it skips a generation.

Question 2

Modern Europeans resemble Cro-Magnon in all of the following physical characteristics except:

A)similar shape of the braincase.
B)narrow nasal openings.
C)both had high,broad foreheads.
D)both had the "occipital bun."
E)common presence of chins.

Answer 2

common presence of chins.

Question 3

The spear-thrower that allowed Upper Paleolithic individuals to throw spears at animals from a safe distance with speed and accuracy is also known as a(n):

A)flint.
B)scraper.
C)bongo.
D)atlatl.
E)bolas.

Answer 3

atlatl.

Question 4

In which period did we first find large amounts of non-functional figurative art commonly present in the archaeological record?

A)Lower Paleolithic
B)Middle Paleolithic
C)Upper Paleolithic
D)Solutrean
E)Mousterian

Question 5

What is a burin?

A)A hand axe that is standardized in form and bifacial
B)A flake that is used for large-game hunting
C)A scraper-like tool that is used for curing hides
D)A small boring tool that allows an individual to punch holes
E)A stone tool with chisel-like edges for working bone,horn,antler,or ivory

Question 6

At what time period does fossil evidence suggest that extreme Neandertal and archaic features seem to disappear from the fossil record?

A)14,000 years ago
B)28,000 years ago
C)36,000 years ago
D)73,000 years ago
E)150,000 years ago

Question 7

One method of tool manufacture during the Upper Paleolithic was pressure flaking,which produced Solutrean laurel leaf blades found in Spain and France that were:

A)made with burins.
B)used to carve bone,horn,antler,and ivory.
C)used for the tips of arrows.
D)made from the pressure-flaking technique.
E)instrumental in causing a more robust body.

Question 8

The genetic evidence for modern H.sapiens supports that:

A)there has been genetic blending over time between various hominid types.
B)anatomically modern humans emerged from Africa over 200,000 years ago.
C)anatomically modern humans first emerged in Asia and then re-migrated to Africa and Europe.
D)various species of human coexisted for more than 100,000 years and did not interbreed at all.
E)there is no continuity between any two human species,and there is no way to track human origins through the gene pool.

Question 9

European remains of the Upper Paleolithic after about 36,000 years ago are usually classified as:

A)Neandertal.
B)Upper Paleolithic peoples.
C)Cro-Magnon.
D)anatomically modern H.sapiens.
E)Homo erectus.

Question 10

The multiregional hypothesis argues that scientists:

A)cannot coordinate biological characteristics with cultural capacities.
B)should coordinate biology and culture as they work together.
C)should not consider culture as an attribute of the human species.
D)should not consider that biology plays any role at all in cultural developments.
E)should consider that Africans are smarter because this is where humanity began.

Question 11

The use of poison on spear tips as used by which hunters in Tanzania today shortens killing distance considerably?

A)Watusi
B)Maasai
C)Hadza
D)Zulu
E)Yanomamo

Question 12

The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from H.erectus to H.sapiens throughout the inhabited world is called:

A)multiregional hypothesis.
B)recent African origins hypothesis.
C)transitional hypothesis.
D)out of African hypothesis.
E)regional hypothesis.

Question 13

What is the source of an individual's mitochondrial DNA?

A)Brother
B)Father
C)Aunt
D)Mother
E)Sister

Question 14

All of the following are inventions associated with the Upper Paleolithic except:

A)net hunting.
B)wheel.
C)burin.
D)bow and arrow.
E)spear-thrower.

Question 15

Using the blade technique,which is similar to peeling long leaves off an artichoke,Upper Paleolithic humans could get how many feet of working edge from a two-pound core?

A)3
B)6
C)75
D)120
E)250

Question 16

Which of the following was an Upper Paleolithic tool technology?

A)Oldowan
B)Levalloisian
C)Aurignacian
D)Mousterian
E)Acheulian

Question 17

What was the typical Upper Paleolithic tool?

A)Burin
B)Blade
C)Hand axe
D)Scraper
E)Chopper

Question 18

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)There is no genetic differentiation between modern human populations.
B)There is a low level of genetic differentiation between modern human populations.
C)There is a high level of genetic differentiation between modern human populations.
D)There is genetic separation between different races.
E)Humans cannot be compared using genetic evidence.

Question 19

What type of evidence is cited in support of the recent African origins hypothesis?

A)Karyology studies
B)Serology studies
C)Mitochondrial DNA comparison
D)Nuclear DNA comparison
E)Tracing of the FOX2 gene

Question 20

Which Ethiopian scholar has been involved in the most recent finds of H.sapiens idaltu in Herto,Ethiopia,and argues that this is the earliest specimen find of anatomically modern H.sapiens?

A)Donald Johansson
B)Xinzhi Wu
C)Berhane Asfaw
D)Tim White
E)Louis Leakey

Question 21

Which hominid species is believed to have first inhabited the Sahul region?

A)H.erectus
B)H.habilis
C)Archaic H.sapiens
D)H.sapiens
E)A.africanus

Question 22

Which scientist unraveled the techniques used by Upper Paleolithic people to create their cave paintings?

A)Jean Wolpoff
B)Michel Lorblanchet
C)Johanna Nuchols
D)Irven DeVore
E)Don Crabtree

Question 23

Culture is based on what might be called brain power,or__________________,which is a broad concept to include intelligence,educability,concept formation,self-awareness,self-evaluation,attention span,sensitivity in discrimination,and creativity.

A)intelligence quotient
B)cognate capacity
C)cognitive capacity
D)intelligence
E)biological intuition

Question 24

Securely dated remains from__________________,a site in south central Chile,indicate that populations had spread as far as the southern part of South America by 14,500 years ago,if not earlier.

A)Ambrona
B)Torralba
C)Bodo
D)Bilzingsleben
E)Monte Verde

Question 25

Why cave art? All of the following are common explanations provided except:

A)they are tallies of animals taken in the hunt.
B)they are figures painted to ensure ritualized success in the hunt.
C)they are painted as ceremonial art,such as for puberty rituals.
D)they are simple sketches of a cave wall with no significance at all.
E)they are visions from altered states of consciousness.

Question 26

All of the following are Paleolithic trends except:

A)increasingly healthy lifestyle.
B)increasingly sophisticated tool kits.
C)increasing migration into new environments.
D)decreased size and weight of the face and teeth.
E)development of more complex brains.

Question 27

The combined landmass of the contemporary islands of Java,Sumatra,Borneo,and Bali that was continuous with mainland Southeast Asia at times of low sea levels is known as:

A)Sahul.
B)Sunda.
C)Sarna.
D)Beringia.
E)Natufian.

Question 28

The first to people the Americas were:

A)anatomically modern H.sapiens.
B)Neandertals.
C)H.erectus.
D)H.habilis.
E)Aegyptopithecus.

Question 29

Finely-made fluted spear points are attributed to:

A)Paleoindians in North America.
B)Denisovans of Siberia.
C)Neandertals of Europe.
D)Peking Man of China.
E)aborigines of Australia.

Question 30

The presence of sea shells and Baltic amber at sites hundreds of kilometers from the sources of these materials indicate that:

A)Neandertals were enslaved by Cro-Magnon populations.
B)Upper Paleolithic peoples engaged in long-distance trade.
C)Upper Paleolithic peoples possessed the wheel.
D)fossil fuel use was common by 35,000 years ago.
E)the deserts were becoming covered with glaciers.

Question 31

Michel Lorblanchet has argued that Upper Paleolithic cave-painting techniques include:

A)spitting paint onto the walls.
B)use of elaborate brushes and brushstrokes.
C)use of applique and wood prints.
D)stamping figures onto cave walls.
E)use of various bases of primer before applying the figures.

Question 32

All of the following have been found at Willandra Lakes except:

A)cave painting dated at 50,000 years old.
B)fossilized footprints dated at 19,000-23,000 years ago.
C)cremated human remains dated to 40,000 years ago.
D)buried human remains dated to 40,000 years ago.
E)ochred burial sites dated to 40,000 years ago.

Question 33

Abstract forms experienced during trance are known as:

A)atropic phenomena.
B)entoptic phenomena.
C)iconic imaging.
D)philanthropic experience.
E)hallucinations.

Question 34

Entoptic phenomena are most typical of Upper Paleolithic art in what area?

A)Europe
B)Africa
C)China
D)Australia
E)Mexico

Question 35

Flutes and whistles made of bone have been found as early as 35,000 years ago,but it is reasonable to suggest that stringed bows during the Upper Paleolithic could have:

A)been used only for hunting.
B)been used to make farming implements.
C)served as the oldest stringed instrument.
D)fostered entopic phenomena.
E)been used by female hunters.

Question 36

Which of the following would be a "Paleolithic prescription" for diseases of today?

A)Return to our life of foraging and hunting
B)Start making tools out of stone instead of steel
C)Return to cave dwelling to save money
D)Go back to being farmers
E)Move into rural settings and leave the urban areas

Question 37

In what modern-day country do we find Willandra Lakes?

A)France
B)Austria
C)Australia
D)China
E)Italy

Question 38

Though the earliest of rock art appeared in the form of sculpture and engravings,figurative art portrayed in the Upper Paleolithic paintings:

A)includes a lot of humans,obviously hunting.
B)is of common,everyday experiences showing the home life of Upper Paleolithic peoples.
C)includes abstract designs rendered two-dimensionally.
D)is in accessible parts of caves,almost as if they served as murals in a living room where Upper Paleolithic peoples lived.
E)was painted in total darkness,probably by telepathic artists.

Question 39

Watercraft are suggested at least 60,000 years ago,perhaps as people managed to get to Australia and New Guinea,which were then connected to one another in a single land mass called:

A)Sunda.
B)the Aleutians.
C)the Philippine archipelago.
D)the Malay Peninsula.
E)Sahul.

Question 40

Regarding the "Venus" figures,this scientist argues that we must consider our own gender bias when studying Upper Paleolithic art.

A)Martha Knack
B)Barbara Roth
C)LeRoy McDermott
D)Margaret Conkey
E)Karen Herndon

Question 41

The genetic evidence supports the argument that there was genetic blending during the Upper Paleolithic.

Question 42

Mitochondrial DNA is subject to very steady genetic recombination rates.

Question 43

The work of paleogeneticist Svante Paabo challenges the recent African origins hypothesis.

Question 44

Venus figurines are interpreted differently by different scholars.

Question 45

Who were the Cro-Magnons? Describe them physically and culturally.

Question 46

Net hunting appeared as part of the Upper Paleolithic industry as early as 50,000 years ago.

Question 47

Pressure flaking allowed tools to be resharpened and reused over time.

Question 48

Cave art rarely shows depictions of animals being hunted.

Question 49

Most scientists agree that we are more physically adapted for a foraging life than a sedentary one.

Question 50

The Cro-Magnon face was taller and narrower than the modern-day European face.

Question 51

Most cave-painted animals are rendered three-dimensionally.

Question 52

American Indian ancestry can be traced back to Asian origins.

Question 53

The art associated with the Upper Paleolithic was radically new in the world.There was no precedence for this type of painting and carving in the archaeological record.

Question 54

The United States has a World Heritage Site that is on the endangered list.

Question 55

Lower amounts of DNA continuity do not necessarily exclude a species from human ancestry.

Question 56

The efficiency of Paleoindian populations in the Americas may have hastened the extinction of large Pleistocene animals such as mammoths.

Question 57

Scientists supporting the hypothesis that Neandertals are members of the species H.sapiens argue that they are simply a variation of the H.sapiens species and not a distinct species.

Question 58

As human population grew and spread,cultural differences became less marked.

Question 59

Upper Paleolithic peoples engaged in long-distance trade.

Question 60

Living people today such as the aborigines of Australia do not meet the definition of anatomical modernity proposed in the recent African origins model.

Question 61

What is a "Venus" figure? What possible explanations can be offered for this type of art?

Question 62

Describe the Aurignacian tool tradition and give examples.

Question 63

"Cognitive capacity" is learned and not carried by genes.What does this mean in regard to the spread of culture?

Question 64

Name five major trends during the Paleolithic.

Question 65

What do scientists mean by the term "modernity" in human evolution?

Question 66

What is a World Heritage Site?

Question 67

For the emergence of anatomically modern H.sapiens,review the genetic,anatomical,and cultural evidence in the paleoanthropological record.

Question 68

What cultural innovations have we found in the living quarters of Upper Paleolithic peoples?

Question 69

What are entoptic designs,and how are they related to Upper Paleolithic art?

Question 70

What advantages did the spear-thrower offer Upper Paleolithic peoples?

Question 71

Discuss the genetic and anatomical evidence for the emergence of anatomically modern H.sapiens.

Question 72

Describe and present the two primary hypotheses for human origins of H.sapiens.

Question 73

What is Sahul?

Question 74

Describe the manner by which aboriginals today practice cave painting and how well this same technique allowed Michel Lorblanchet to recreate Upper Paleolithic scenes.

Question 75

What forms of ornamental or body art did Upper Paleolithic peoples use?

Question 76

What is pressure flaking? Is it an efficient way to construct tools?

Question 77

What is mitochondrial DNA,and how does it offer evidence for human evolution?

Question 78

What is Sunda?

Question 79

Describe the Paleoindian fluted points,and explain their significance.

Question 80

What was the significance of net hunting,and why is it considered an important innovation? Explain.