Deck 4: Primate Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following statements about rank is true for bonobos?

A)Number of offspring is the sole factor involved in determining rank.
B)Female rank determines the social hierarchy of the group exclusively.
C)Male rank determines the social hierarchy of the group exclusively.
D)Female rank determines the social order of the group more than male rank.
E)Bonobos do not show any sort of dominance hierarchy in their social groups.

Answer 1

Female rank determines the social order of the group more than male rank.

Question 2

A chimpanzee or bonobo community consists of approximately how many animals?

A)Less than 20
B)More than 500
C)50 or more
D)10 to 25
E)Less than 10

Answer 2

50 or more

Question 3

The position of a chimpanzee in a dominance hierarchy is affected by all of the following except:

A)physical strength and size.
B)rank of the chimpanzee's mother.
C)motivation.
D)intelligence.
E)color of fur.

Answer 3

color of fur.

Question 4

The hardened,nerveless buttock pads that allow baboons to sit for long periods of time are called:

A)ischial callosities.
B)posterior calluses.
C)buttock calluses.
D)ischial buttocks.
E)buttock posteriors.

Question 5

Grooming is a social characteristic of primates carried out for the purpose of all of the following except:

A)cleaning to remove parasites.
B)social gesture of friendliness.
C)appeasement.
D)reconciliation.
E)dominance.

Question 6

Which of the following primates is known for the highest levels of territorial defense,including the use of patrolling animals?

A)Gorillas
B)Bonobos
C)Chimpanzees
D)Gibbons
E)Tarsiers

Question 7

What type of reproductive partner bonding do we find in gibbon social groups?

A)Polyandrous bonding
B)Polygynous bonding
C)Monogamous bonding
D)Serial monogamy
E)None,because they are all considered solitary dwellers

Question 8

The male gorilla reaches sexual maturity around what age?

A)6-9
B)11-13
C)10-11
D)15-16
E)16-18

Question 9

How does primatologist Kinji Imanishi's work challenge the Western scientific approach to the study of primates?

A)He does not emphasize the differences between humans and animals,and he focuses on harmony,rather than conflict and competition.
B)He studies primates exclusively through lab research and has developed a way to coordinate behavior with genetic characteristics.
C)He does not take a quantitative approach to study and does not collect data for evidence.Instead of producing a scientific study with evidence,Dr.Imanishi describes primate behavior through the use of story-telling and parables.
D)Instead of producing a scientific study with evidence,Dr.Imanishi describes primate behavior through the use of story-telling and parables.
E)He worked with teams of researchers that included scientists and artists.

Question 10

Recent discoveries have led paleoanthropologists to now focus on what type of environment as the earliest environment for our human ancestors?

A)Savannah
B)Tropical marsh areas
C)Deserts
D)Forests
E)Tundra

Question 11

What is a natal group?

A)The group the animal has lived in since birth.
B)The group that the animal has established through reproduction.
C)The group from which the animal must choose a reproductive partner.
D)The group of animals that hunts together.
E)A genealogy of animals extending back five or more generations.

Question 12

Male baboons are significantly larger than female baboons.This anatomical difference is called:

A)sexual diversity.
B)sexual dimorphism.
C)gender morphology.
D)morphological distinction.
E)anatomical errancy.

Question 13

Adolescent orangutans with arrested development are often associated with what behavior?

A)Murder
B)Reconciliation
C)Nurturing
D)Rape
E)Over-eating

Question 14

Frans de Waal changed the culture of rhesus monkeys so that it was more similar to that of what other primate group?

A)Capuchin monkeys
B)Squirrel monkeys
C)Howler monkeys
D)Stumptail monkeys
E)Chimpanzees

Question 15

In what century did paleoanthropologists begin to observe living apes to shed light on the lifeways of the fossil species they were discovering?

A)Late 17th
B)Early 18th
C)Mid 19th
D)Mid 20th
E)Late 20th

Question 16

What were the conclusions of Frans de Waals's study of rhesus monkeys?

A)Primates do not adhere to the same rules for family members and outsiders.
B)There is much flexibility in primate behavior patterns.
C)Primates are able to resolve conflicts only with mediation.
D)Primates today have been affected heavily by habitat loss.
E)Habituation is not a difficult process.

Question 17

Jane Goodall did her pioneering field research on chimpanzees at Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve.In what country is this located?

A)Uganda
B)Kenya
C)Japan
D)Tanzania
E)Brazil

Question 18

The skin around the genitals of which primate female is constantly swollen,concealing the time of ovulation by looking and behaving as if she is always fertile?

A)Chimpanzee
B)Bonobo
C)Gorilla
D)Gibbon
E)Macaque

Question 19

Which of the following researchers was the first to study bonobos?

A)Jane Goodall
B)Birute Galdikas
C)Dian Fossey
D)Kinji Imanishi
E)Karen Strier

Question 20

What appears to be the primary cause of arrested adolescence among young male orangutans?

A)Presence of dominant males in the same group
B)Presence of ovulating females in the home range
C)Lack of adequate food resources and high levels of competition for food
D)A genetic disorder found in several communities of orangutans
E)Birth order: first-born animals are more likely to have this occur than those born later in a sequence

Question 21

The way chimpanzees in West Africa crack open oil-palm nuts requires observation and practice.After a great deal of practice,they are proficient by the age of:

A)4 or 5.
B)5 or 6.
C)6 or 7.
D)7 or 8.
E)8 or 9.

Question 22

In the same way that young Imo got her troop to begin washing sweet potatoes in saltwater,at Kyoto University's Koshima Island Primatology Research preserve,another young female macaque taught/modeled for other macaques to:

A)fish.
B)hunt.
C)bathe in hot water springs.
D)eat potatoes.
E)climb trees.

Question 23

Do apes have culture? Your text argues that:

A)they do not,because they cannot talk and interact in a direct manner.
B)they do not,because they are not capable of flexible adaptation.
C)they have "proto" culture,which means that they are evolving towards having culture one day.
D)they do,because they can hunt as predators.
E)they do,because they have flexible patterns of behavior,including tool use and communication.

Question 24

Concern for the welfare of others expressed as increased risk undertaken by individuals for the good of the group is called:

A)jingoism.
B)sacrifice.
C)beneficial adaptation.
D)polygenetic inheritance.
E)altruism.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is correct regarding vervet monkey alarm calls?

A)They make alarm calls to signal the location of food.
B)There is no distinction between any alarm calls.
C)Each alarm call communicates specific information about type of predator and where it is located.
D)Each alarm call communicates specific information about type of predator and when it will arrive.
E)Vervet youngsters appear to learn these calls instinctually without parental involvement.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about reproduction and care of offspring among primates is incorrect?

A)Reduction in the number of offspring among primates is an adaptation to an arboreal existence.
B)No primates give birth to more than one offspring at a time.
C)The more closely related a primate species is to humans,the more helpless and immature the newborn offspring tend to be.
D)Play provides primates with a way to explore and learn their environments.
E)There is a relatively long birth interval between offspring,especially in apes.

Question 27

In terms of biomedical research,the U.S.National Institutes of Health has decided that:

A)great apes must be used in biomedical research if we are to discover new treatment plans for humans.
B)only chimpanzees can be used in biomedical research intended to benefit humans,because chimpanzees are our closest relatives.
C)chimpanzees can be used in biomedical research only when it concerns life-threatening human diseases.
D)it will slowly begin to withdraw funding for biomedical research involving any great apes.
E)it will no longer fund any biomedical research involving chimpanzees.

Question 28

An important method of learning among infants and juveniles is:

A)sex.
B)brachiation.
C)play.
D)knuckle-walking.
E)home ranges.

Question 29

All of the following are lessons that emerge from the orangutan study except:

A)the concept of biological stress cannot be applied equally across species.
B)reproductive strategies can be flexible.
C)orangutans have no forms of aggression within their communities.
D)primate behavior is serious and has social consequences that may not be anticipated.
E)one must be cautious in comparing behaviors across species.

Question 30

What do bonobos use to mark trails for communication?

A)Piles of small stones
B)Large leaves
C)Sticks that point the way
D)Piles of dirt
E)Flowers

Question 31

The more we learn of the behavior of our nearest primate relatives:

A)the more we become aware of the insignificance of behavior of other primates.
B)the more we become aware of the importance of human uniqueness as the most evolved primates.
C)the more we become aware of the importance of learned,socially shared practices and knowledge in these creatures and ourselves.
D)the less we need to know about other primates.
E)the more taxonomists consider separating humans out of the primate order.

Question 32

If you were observing nonhuman primates,which of the following would you be more likely to observe hunting other mammals?

A)Bonobos and chimpanzees
B)Gorillas
C)New World monkeys
D)Lemurs
E)Marmosets

Question 33

A female chimpanzee does not reach sexual maturity until about the age of 10.Once she produces her first live offspring,what is the average number of years between births?

A)2-3 years
B)5-6 years
C)7-8 years
D)3-4 years
E)1 year

Question 34

Chimpanzees use which of the following communication signals to announce the arrival of another individual?

A)Lip smacking
B)Pant hoots
C)Trail marking
D)Clapping hands
E)Shaking hands

Question 35

lower rates of sexual activity.Monogamous primate species are frequently associated with:

A)lower rates of sexual activity.
B)lower levels of sexual dimorphism.
C)smaller territorial ranges.
D)fewer offspring.
E)higher levels of social activity.

Question 36

Behaving in a manner that tends to promote social cohesion is called:

A)affiliation.
B)exfoliation.
C)habituation.
D)altruism.
E)reconciliation.

Question 37

Apes generally nurse their young for how long?

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)2-3 years
D)4-5 years
E)6-7 years

Question 38

The ability to make and use tools is:

A)present only in humans and found in no other species.
B)a significant part of the everyday behavior of gorillas and orangutans.
C)present among chimpanzees but only involves nest-building among gorillas.
D)present only among chimpanzees and humans.
E)found among all primates regardless of species.

Question 39

Which of the following would not be a purpose for a chimpanzee's hunt?

A)Dietary
B)Political
C)Sport
D)Sexual
E)Social

Question 40

One form of communication appears to be unique to bonobos is/are:

A)the use of smoke signals.
B)the use of hollow logs to beat out messages.
C)the use of high-pitched howls.
D)signing.
E)trail markers.

Question 41

Gorillas appear to show less interest in sex compared with chimpanzees or bonobos.

Question 42

Smiles and embraces have long been understood to be universal among humans and our closest relatives.

Question 43

Natural selection may have favored single births in so many primates because we evolved as tree-dwellers and could not effectively hold and protect more than one offspring.

Question 44

Most New World monkeys are polyandrous with a single female and several males in a group.

Question 45

The cultural rules that allow our closest biological relatives (chimpanzees)to be used as objects of biomedical research are a product of a long,evolutionary history.

Question 46

Chimpanzees and gorillas both make and use tools.

Question 47

Chimpanzees are gathered into natal groups and not into communities.

Question 48

Chimpanzees,bonobos,and the other apes do not possess culture.

Question 49

Vervet monkeys have very specific learned alarm calls to indicate type and location of predators.

Question 50

Paleoanthropologists studied baboons as models for early human evolution because of their residence on savannahs.

Question 51

Altruism is only found among humans.

Question 52

Kinji Imanishi worked with Jane Goodall to discover many new behaviors in gorillas.

Question 53

Male orangutans may retain his adolescent physique even though his primary sex characteristics are fully mature,allowing him to father offspring.

Question 54

Bonobo females have concealed ovulation.

Question 55

In a captive chimpanzee population in Madrid,Spain,the animals learned how to wash sweet potatoes.

Question 56

The vast majority of primate species as monogamous.

Question 57

Chimpanzees engage in reconciliation as a social behavior.

Question 58

A home range is the area in which a group of primates was first born.

Question 59

Comparing baboons,bonobos,chimpanzees,and gorillas,gorillas live in the largest groups with the most clear-cut dominance hierarchy.

Question 60

Many primates are omnivores.

Question 61

What is the purpose of dominance hierarchies?

Question 62

Define a tool,and explain how it is used among nonhuman primates.

Question 63

What changes have occurred recently in terms of the laws regarding use of chimpanzees in biomedical research?

Question 64

What is grooming?

Question 65

What is the difference between a natal group and home range?

Question 66

Discuss why anthropologists study the social behavior of primates.

Question 67

Who is Kinji Imanishi,and what contributions did he make to our understanding of primates?

Question 68

How is dominance hierarchy expressed differently among gorillas,chimpanzees,and bonobos?

Question 69

What universal gestures have researchers found between humans and their closest relatives?

Question 70

Why do female orangutans frequently choose to mate with lower-ranking males?

Question 71

Why might natural selection have favored single births for so many primate species?

Question 72

What are the various theories and explanations for sexual dimorphism in species?

Question 73

What types of affiliative action do we find among primates?

Question 74

Identify the methods used by primatologists to study language capabilities among nonhuman primates.

Question 75

Do primates eat meat? Provide evidence for your answer.

Question 76

Why do some adolescent orangutans have arrested growth and development? How is this adaptive?

Question 77

Describe the different types of primate social organizations.

Question 78

On what principle is altruism based?

Question 79

Researchers have found a remarkable ability to learn among nonhuman primates.Choose two examples of inventive behavior,and discuss what occurred and why it is important.

Question 80

Describe the dilemma faced by primatologists when considering culture as a characteristic of nonhuman primates.Do most scientists believe that our nearest relatives have culture?