Deck 17: Patterns of Subsistence

Question 1

The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples.They then became more similar in cultural adaptations,a process called:

A)pre-adaptation.
B)transformed evolution.
C)convergent evolution.
D)parallel evolution.
E)ecological evolution.

Answer 1

convergent evolution.

Question 2

According to "Surviving in the Andes," Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude by having approximately__________________% of greater pulmonary diffusing capacity through their expanded heart and lungs.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)30
E)40

Answer 2

30

Question 3

Food-foraging societies are egalitarian because:

A)humans,in their natural state,like to share.
B)it is unnatural for some people to be richer than others.
C)their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions.
D)they are constantly threatened by starvation.
E)their king told them to be that way.

Answer 3

their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions.

Question 4

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike is called:

A)convergent evolution.
B)parallel evolution.
C)constant evolution.
D)adaptation.
E)diffusion.

Question 5

What principle of evolution is best illustrated in the example of the changes that occurred to the Cheyenne when they moved out onto the Great Plains from the Great Lakes region?

A)Parallel evolution
B)Convergent evolution
C)Constant evolution
D)Adaptation
E)Diffusion

Question 6

In anthropology,geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are known as:

A)culture cores.
B)parallel life styles.
C)convergent evolution.
D)culture areas.
E)social areas.

Question 7

The process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment,which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment,is called:

A)accommodation.
B)acculturation.
C)adaptation.
D)assimilation.
E)incorporation.

Question 8

The average number of people in a food-foraging group is:

A)750-1,000.
B)500-750.
C)250-500.
D)100-250.
E)less than 100.

Question 9

The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is:

A)food foraging.
B)subsistence farming.
C)hunting.
D)pastoralism.
E)fishing.

Question 10

To say that food-foraging societies are egalitarian means that:

A)there are no status differences.
B)the only status differences are age and sex.
C)everyone is equal except women.
D)men are usually subordinate to women.
E)children are the center of community life and adults have no distinctions in status.

Question 11

Among food foragers,social equality is marked in all of the following except:

A)strict division of labor.
B)rarity of warfare.
C)communal property.
D)social egalitarianism.
E)distribution of resources.

Question 12

The Aymara Indians,who live in the mountains of Bolivia,have become biologically adapted to their environment by being:

A)short legged and barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.
B)long legged and extremely thin in comparison to the rest of the nation.
C)short legged and very narrow chested and surviving on higher oxygen content.
D)excellent climbers with an extraordinary sense of balance.
E)long legged and stocky chested because of enlarged heart and lungs.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about Easter Island and the Rapanui is not correct?

A)The Rapanui first settled the island about 800 years ago.
B)When the Rapanui arrived,75% of the land was densely forested.
C)The Rapanui raised pigs and also fished for subsistence.
D)A large rat population on the island contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Rapanui.
E)When the Dutch arrived to the Island in 1722,there were no more than 3,000 Rapanui remaining.

Question 14

Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea,there is a relationship between the physical and social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish harmony.What animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments?

A)Dogs
B)Sheep
C)Pigs
D)Goats
E)Cows

Question 15

The concept that states humans are moving forward to a better,more advanced stage in their cultural development is called:

A)advancement.
B)evolution.
C)progress.
D)success.
E)convergence.

Question 16

All of the following statements except one correctly describe food-foraging societies.Which is it?

A)They are egalitarian.
B)They are small nomadic groups living within a fixed territory.
C)They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.
D)They are not very aggressive or warlike.
E)They live in marginal areas of the world today.

Question 17

The number of people that can be supported by the available resources at a given level of technology is called the:

A)ecosystem.
B)carrying capacity.
C)culture core.
D)population density.
E)culture area.

Question 18

The transition from food foraging to food production first took place about__________________years ago in__________________.

A)15,000;Nile River region
B)5,000;Tigris Euphrates area
C)10,000;Southwest Asia
D)7,000;the Highlands of Mesoamerica
E)3,000;Yangtze River Valley

Question 19

A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is called a(n):

A)biodome.
B)ecological diversity system.
C)ecoscape.
D)ecodome.
E)ecosystem.

Question 20

Today,food-foraging societies:

A)are found only in the world's most marginal areas.
B)make up the majority of the world's population.
C)have not existed for 1,000 years.
D)have their pick of the best environments.
E)represent a primitive,undeveloped way of life.

Question 21

All of the following statements about peasants are true except:

A)they are associated with urban areas.
B)they are often caught in a web of poverty.
C)they exist within societies of intensive agriculture.
D)they are exploited by more powerful groups.
E)they are large-scale producers of crops.

Question 22

The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming called:

A)agriculture.
B)slash-and-burn.
C)horticulture.
D)low-tech farming.
E)pastoralism.

Question 23

Three years after planting their gardens,the Mekranoti are left with only:

A)manioc.
B)sweet potatoes.
C)pineapple.
D)tobacco.
E)bananas.

Question 24

Pastoralists are like food foragers in that:

A)both have some members of the group who remain behind to protect the camp.
B)both now live in areas that are marginal,where land is not suitable for farming.
C)both count on flexibility to get the game they hunt.
D)both engage in occasional horticulture.
E)women are the ones who primarily contribute to daily food intake.

Question 25

In what country do we find the Mekranoti?

A)Paraguay
B)Brazil
C)Venezuela
D)Colombia
E)Thailand

Question 26

The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut,the slash is subsequently burned,and crops then planted among the ashes is known as slash-and-burn cultivation.It is also called:

A)intensive agriculture.
B)complex farming.
C)simple agronomy.
D)swidden farming.
E)extensive cultivation.

Question 27

The Bakhtiari are a:

A)pastoral group who raise goats and sheep.
B)pastoral group who raise pigs and cows.
C)foraging group with an extensive home range.
D)horticultural group that raises manioc and bananas.
E)horticultural group that raises taro,yams,and wheat.

Question 28

Agribusiness is associated with all of the following except:

A)reduction of labor costs.
B)driving down wages.
C)maximizing employee benefits.
D)maximizing profits.
E)expanding markets.

Question 29

Dart huntingWhich of the following is most likely to require cooperative hunting skills?

A)Bow hunting
B)Net hunting
C)Spear hunting
D)Rifle hunting
E)Dart hunting

Question 30

Food producers who specialize in animal husbandry,and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities,are called:

A)food foragers.
B)horticulturalists.
C)agriculturalists.
D)pastoralists.
E)industrialists.

Question 31

What was the primary goal of the Cusichaca Trust research and applied work in the Patacancha Valley of Peru?

A)Alteration of dietary intake to improve nutrition
B)Development of new seeds more adapted to the climate
C)Development of new markets throughout the valley
D)Revival of ancient farming techniques
E)Introduction of domestic animals to revive pastoralism

Question 32

Someone who uses irrigation,fertilizers,and the plow to produce food on large plots of land is known as a(n):

A)horticulturalist.
B)agriculturalist.
C)pastoralist.
D)forager.
E)industrialist.

Question 33

Which innovation is considered the beginning of the industrial revolution?

A)Rifle
B)Hoe
C)Airplane
D)Steam engine
E)Wheel

Question 34

Mass food production is a characteristic of which type of food production?

A)Swidden
B)Slash and burn
C)Industrial
D)Horticultural
E)Pastoralism

Question 35

One of the most significant characteristics of the food-producing way of life was the development of:

A)permanent settlements.
B)mobile populations.
C)skillful hunters.
D)lower population.
E)increased egalitarianism.

Question 36

In the Americas,the crop complex that was most adaptive and typical was

A)wheat,barley,flax,rye,and millet.
B)rice,yam,and taro.
C)maize,beans,and squash.
D)manioc,wheat,and cotton.
E)rhubarb,rice,and turnips.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the Bakhtiari khans is not correct?

A)They are tribal leaders within this pastoral group.
B)They give away all of their possessions to gain prominence.
C)They spend most of lives in the mountains.
D)Many of them are well educated.
E)Some are elected and some inherit their positions.

Question 38

What is a primary labor activity of Bakhtiari women and girls?

A)Spinning wool into yarn
B)Herding sheep through difficult mountain passes
C)Tilling soil to raise yams and sweet potatoes
D)Gathering roots and berries
E)Hunting elephants

Question 39

A society in which human labor,hand tools,and animal power are largely replaced by machines,with an economy primarily based in big factories,is called a(n):

A)foraging society.
B)horticultural society.
C)pastoral society.
D)agricultural society.
E)industrial society.

Question 40

Which part of the U.S.chicken is a primary export to China?

A)Legs
B)Breasts
C)Wings
D)Feet
E)Necks

Question 41

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestry was otherwise distinct is called parallel evolution.

Question 42

People started shifting to food-producing ways of life about 10,000 years ago.

Question 43

A culture area is a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow a similar (not necessarily identical)pattern of life.

Question 44

The Bakhtiari are pastoralist nomads who shepherd their herds throughout the Iran-Iraq border area.

Question 45

About 3 million people live by food foraging in the world today.

Question 46

The largest poultry broiler processing plant in the U.S.is located in Detroit,Michigan.

Question 47

Among foragers,most groups have home ranges within which all resources are open to any members of the group.

Question 48

Peasants typically have too little land to break the cycle of poverty.

Question 49

The process of adaptation establishes a continually changing balance between the needs of the population and the potential of its environment.

Question 50

An anthropologist would probably find it difficult to define what "progress" is.

Question 51

If a group is well adapted to its environment,it will never change as long as conditions remain the same.

Question 52

All broad-chested individuals are adapted to the low oxygen levels of high altitude.

Question 53

Archaeologists have not been able to identify the first settlers of Easter Island.

Question 54

Frequent nursing of children over as many as 4 or 5 years acts to stimulate ovulation among food foragers such as Bushman.As a consequence,women give birth to more offspring at shorter intervals.

Question 55

Plows are a particular tool associated with agricultural societies.

Question 56

According to the original study,the Mekranoti Kayapo had to work hard to get enough produce from their gardens.

Question 57

Food-Producing Societies are connected to the term "Neolithic Revolution".

Question 58

An economy dominated by machines and based on big factories is an industrial society.

Question 59

Unlike agriculturalists,horticulturalists always produce a small surplus.

Question 60

To say differing sex roles among food foragers are compatible with the biological differences between men and women supports the assertion that they are biologically determined.

Question 61

Who is Ann Kendall,and what is the significance of her research?

Question 62

What is horticulture,and how it is different from agriculture?

Question 63

What does it mean for a society to be called "egalitarian"?

Question 64

Compare the relative contribution of males and females to the diet of food foragers.

Question 65

Describe the planting sequence of a Mekranoti garden.

Question 66

What were the sources of environmental destruction on Easter Island? How could this have been prevented?

Question 67

What happens with a typical 6-lb.chicken butchered by a Mexican immigrant working for minimum wage in a Mississippi poultry plant?

Question 68

Define "culture area," using the Plains as an example.

Question 69

What does it mean to be an agribusiness?

Question 70

What is the role of peasants in an urban society?

Question 71

Who are the khans among the Bakhtiari?

Question 72

What is the average birth interval for the Ju/'hoansi? Why is it so low?

Question 73

Compare and contrast convergent and parallel evolution,and provide an example of each.

Question 74

How does Ju/'hoansi food sharing help us understand the concepts of adaptation and ecosystem?

Question 75

What are the primary characteristics of crop-producing societies?

Question 76

What type of subsistence do we find among the Mekranoti? Discuss.

Question 77

Use the Bakhtiari to describe the key features of pastoralism.

Question 78

What is cultural evolution?

Question 79

How do the Tsembaga balance the needs of the population with the needs of the environment?

Question 80

Compare and contrast mixed farming with pastoralism.