Deck 15: Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits

Question 1

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually

A) similar to the initial effects of the drug.
B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug.
C) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much more severe.
D) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much less severe.
E) no longer than a few minutes in duration.

Answer 1

opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Question 2

Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose?

A) IV
B) IM
C) SC
D) through mucus membranes
E) oral

Answer 2

IV

Question 3

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is

A) situationally specific tolerance.
B) contingent tolerance.
C) reverse tolerance.
D) functional tolerance.
E) metabolic tolerance.

Answer 3

functional tolerance.

Question 4

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is

A) indigestion.
B) the binding of drugs to the wall of the stomach.
C) its unpredictability.
D) nausea.
E) that it promotes drug interactions.

Question 5

Some drugs can be effectively administered through mucous membranes. One such drug is

A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) morphine.
D) nicotine.
E) caffeine.

Question 6

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

A) generalized tolerance.
B) cross tolerance.
C) contingent tolerance.
D) functional tolerance.
E) transferred tolerance.

Question 7

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve

A) upward.
B) to the right.
C) to the left.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 8

Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be

A) physically dependent.
B) psychologically dependent.
C) tolerant.
D) intoxicated.
E) both B and C

Question 9

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called

A) drug tolerance.
B) drug sensitization.
C) drug withdrawal.
D) physical dependence.
E) psychological dependence.

Question 10

Many chronic addicts come to prefer the __________ route of drug administration.

A) oral
B) IM
C) SC
D) IV
E) IP

Question 11

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by

A) reflexology.
B) the blood-brain barrier.
C) tolerance.
D) the cerebrospinal fluid.
E) withdrawal.

Question 12

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes, is referred to as drug

A) tolerance.
B) metabolism.
C) withdrawal.
D) blocking.
E) habituation.

Question 13

Globally, more than 1 billion people are addicted to _____________ , and more than 76 million are addicted to _____________ .

A) heroin; marijuana
B) nicotine: alcohol
C) heroin; cocaine
D) heroin; prescription drugs
E) marijuana; heroin

Question 14

Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted

A) in the early parts of the 20th century.
B) before there was relevant scientific information.
C) in the 1960s.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 15

Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the

A) stomach.
B) mouth.
C) intestine.
D) esophagus.
E) lungs.

Question 16

Drug sensitization is the opposite of

A) drug withdrawal.
B) physical dependence on drugs.
C) drug tolerance.
D) conditioned drug withdrawal effects.
E) drug addiction.

Question 17

__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain.

A) Contingent
B) Metabolic
C) Situationally specific
D) Functional
E) In vitro

Question 18

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect

A) the activity of the central nervous system.
B) subjective experience.
C) behavior.
D) all of the above
E) psychotic behavior.

Question 19

Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration.

A) slight
B) fast
C) predictable
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 20

An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative

A) predictability.
B) ease.
C) safety.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 21

Which of the following drugs is a diuretic?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) nicotine
D) morphine
E) cocaine

Question 22

According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is

A) the drug.
B) what the experimenter measures.
C) the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.
D) the compensatory reactions to the conditional stimulus.
E) the test environment.

Question 23

Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)?

A) morphine
B) nicotine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) cocaine

Question 24

A hangover is a

A) mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
B) form of alcohol psychosis.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) form of alcohol dementia.
E) mild alcohol sensitization effect.

Question 25

Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) tobacco
D) heroin
E) cocaine

Question 26

According to the research of Siegel, heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they

A) take heroin in an environment in which they have frequently taken it before.
B) take heroin subcutaneously.
C) take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before.
D) take heroin in an environment in which they have often taken other drugs before.
E) buy their heroin from a conspecific.

Question 27

The primary defining feature of addiction is

A) physical dependence.
B) tolerance.
C) the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop.
D) sensitization.
E) both A and B

Question 28

Individuals who experience drug withdrawal effects are, by definition,

A) addicted.
B) physically dependent.
C) metabolic.
D) tolerant.
E) psychologically dependent.

Question 29

The before-and-after design is often used to demonstrate

A) contingent tolerance.
B) metabolic tolerance.
C) situationally specific tolerance.
D) functional tolerance.
E) reverse tolerance.

Question 30

Tobacco is a leading cause of preventable death; worldwide, it contributes to over 5 __________ premature deaths per year.

A) million
B) hundred
C) thousand
D) trillion
E) billion

Question 31

Contingent drug tolerance is usually studied with

A) high drug doses.
B) low drug doses.
C) Pavlovian conditioning.
D) before-and-after designs.
E) withdrawal symptoms.

Question 32

A problem faced by theories of drug conditioning is predicting

A) the direction of conditioned effects.
B) whether or not there is a conditional stimulus.
C) whether or not there is an unconditional stimulus.
D) whether conditioned or contingent tolerance will develop.
E) who will become addicted.

Question 33

Siegel's conditioning theory of drug tolerance is based heavily on demonstrations of

A) contingent tolerance.
B) functional tolerance.
C) the situational specificity of tolerance.
D) the negative correlation between intelligence and drug addiction.
E) the high levels of tolerance found in most addicts.

Question 34

Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se came from the finding in one study that tolerance did not develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless

A) convulsive stimulation was administered.
B) convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.
C) convulsive stimulation was administered before each alcohol injection.
D) an anticonvulsant drug was administered before each alcohol injection.
E) alcohol was an anticonvulsant.

Question 35

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?

A) alcohol
B) tobacco
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
E) morphine

Question 36

The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the

A) particular drug in question.
B) dose of the preceding drug exposure.
C) duration of the preceding drug exposure.
D) speed with which the drug is cleared from the body.
E) all of the above

Question 37

Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, difficulties in sleeping, and difficulties in concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.

A) heroin
B) morphine
C) alcohol
D) cocaine
E) nicotine

Question 38

Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.

A) alcohol
B) tobacco
C) cocaine
D) amphetamine
E) morphine

Question 39

Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease?

A) tobacco
B) morphine
C) marijuana
D) cocaine
E) alcohol

Question 40

According to the text, addicts are drug users who

A) are tolerant and psychologically dependent.
B) are physically and psychologically dependent.
C) are tolerant and physically dependent.
D) continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop.
E) continue to use a drug because they are locked into a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal effects.

Question 41

In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to

A) keep the sailors happy on long voyages.
B) suppress sexual urges during long voyages.
C) treat scurvy.
D) make rope.
E) feed pigs.

Question 42

Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop?

A) alcohol
B) opium
C) tobacco
D) marijuana
E) magic mushrooms

Question 43

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces the DTs?

A) morphine
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

Question 44

The main psychoactive ingredient of coca paste is

A) cacao.
B) crack.
C) cocaine hydrochloride.
D) lidocaine.
E) procaine.

Question 45

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions?

A) morphine
B) heroin
C) alcohol
D) cocaine
E) both A and B

Question 46

A meta-analysis that focused only on "well-designed" studies of moderate drinking and coronary heart disease found that

A) red wine reduced the number of heart attacks.
B) red wine reduced the severity of heart attacks.
C) red and white wine were both beneficial.
D) any alcohol in moderate amounts reduced both the incidence and severity of heart attacks.
E) none of the above

Question 47

Which of the following drugs is a local anesthetic?

A) alcohol
B) morphine
C) cocaine
D) nicotine
E) ethyl alcohol

Question 48

The first-to-be-isolated endogenous chemical that binds to THC receptors was named

A) anandamide.
B) hightime.
C) bromandamine.
D) mellotamine.
E) endorphin.

Question 49

The impure residue left after boiling away a solution of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda is

A) crack.
B) smack.
C) lidocaine.
D) procaine
E) both A and B

Question 50

Evidence indicates that one serious health hazard of marijuana is

A) brain damage.
B) permanent memory loss.
C) bradycardia.
D) cancer.
E) heart attack in people who have previously suffered heart attacks.

Question 51

Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern.

A) brain damage
B) permanent memory loss
C) violent crime
D) schizophrenia
E) bradycardia

Question 52

Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?

A) heroin
B) morphine
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
E) both A and B

Question 53

Marijuana contains over 80

A) kinds of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
B) cannabinoids.
C) kinds of morphine.
D) kinds of Cannabis sativa.
E) hemp.

Question 54

Which of the following drugs is associated with severe dementia, gastritis, and cirrhosis of the liver?

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) morphine
D) cocaine
E) marijuana

Question 55

Cirrhosis and Korsakoff's syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic __________ consumption.

A) nicotine
B) morphine
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
E) alcohol

Question 56

Cocaine is frequently consumed in

A) paper bags.
B) paper bags with holes.
C) water pipes.
D) glasses.
E) binges.

Question 57

Cocaine sprees are the product of the interaction between the high positive-incentive value of cocaine and the rapid development of

A) tolerance.
B) alcohol.
C) schizophrenia.
D) paranoia.
E) convulsions.

Question 58

Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified as

A) synthetics.
B) stimulants.
C) opiates.
D) barbiturates.
E) tricyclics.

Question 59

Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation.

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) morphine
D) caffeine
E) marijuana

Question 60

Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from

A) morphine.
B) cocaine.
C) heroin.
D) alcohol.
E) high doses of nicotine.

Question 61

Which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium?

A) morphine
B) codeine
C) heroin
D) cocaine
E) methadone

Question 62

Laudanum, Godfrey's Cordial, Dalby's Carminative, Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, and Street's Infant Quietness were all legal medications that contained

A) opiates.
B) coca paste.
C) alcohol.
D) cocaine.
E) THC.

Question 63

Shivering, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and muscle spasms are symptoms of

A) cocaine intoxication.
B) alcohol withdrawal.
C) later stages of severe heroin withdrawal.
D) early stages of morphine withdrawal.
E) heroin intoxication.

Question 64

Cocaine hydrochloride

A) is a dopamine agonist.
B) reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters.
C) is a dopamine antagonist.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 65

The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) cocaine
D) opiate
E) marijuana

Question 66

Which of the following opiates is an analgesic?

A) morphine
B) codeine
C) amphetamine
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 67

These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea:

A) anxiolytics.
B) stimulants.
C) opiates.
D) depressants.
E) antidepressants.

Question 68

Which of the following drugs is a now commonly prescribed analgesic?

A) morphine
B) caffeine
C) cocaine
D) alcohol
E) heroin

Question 69

The Harrison Narcotics Act, which was passed in the U.S. in 1914, unintentionally encouraged the use of

A) Aspirin.
B) Street's Infant Quietness.
C) cocaine.
D) opium.
E) heroin.

Question 70

Restlessness, watery eyes, running nose, yawning, and sweating are all early signs of withdrawal from

A) alcohol.
B) opiates.
C) cocaine.
D) nicotine.
E) marijuana.

Question 71

Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behavior that is similar to paranoid schizophrenia?

A) alcohol
B) cocaine
C) heroin
D) opium
E) LSD

Question 72

Which of the following is not an effect of chronic opiate exposure?

A) constipation
B) pupil constriction
C) reduced libido
D) menstrual irregularity
E) hypersexuality

Question 73

Although __________ is extremely addictive, there are few serious withdrawal symptoms when a characteristic binge is terminated.

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) nicotine
D) morphine
E) opium

Question 74

During cocaine sprees, there is a risk of

A) convulsions.
B) respiratory arrest.
C) stroke.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 75

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs has been likened to a bad case of the flu?

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) cocaine
D) opiates
E) marijuana

Question 76

Which form of amphetamine is more potent than d-amphetamine?

A) ecstasy
B) ice
C) methamphetamine
D) MDMA
E) all of the above

Question 77

In 1644, the Emperor of China banned tobacco smoking. This law contributed to an increase in __________ addiction.

A) nicotine
B) opium
C) cocaine
D) heroin
E) morphine

Question 78

Opiates likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to

A) endorphins.
B) opiate receptors.
C) dopamine receptors.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 79

The direct health hazards of addiction to __________ are relatively minor; they include constipation, pupil constriction, menstrual irregularity, and reduced sex drive.

A) marijuana
B) opiates
C) stimulants
D) cocaine
E) alcohol

Question 80

Which of the following drugs has effects like those of amphetamine?

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) LSD
D) morphine
E) valium