Deck 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health

Question 1

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience.

A) different
B) the same
C) similar
D) no
E) five

Answer 1

different

Question 2

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

A) are parallel processes.
B) have no direct causal relation.
C) are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

Decorticate cats display

A) orchidectomy rage.
B) sham rage.
C) species-typical rage.
D) species-common rage.
E) offensive rage.

Answer 3

sham rage.

Question 4

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions

A) was published in 1872.
B) was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.
C) introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 5

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by

A) head bobbing.
B) head nodding.
C) wing flapping.
D) pointing their beaks away from one another.
E) none of the above

Question 6

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial

A) diencephalon.
B) prefrontal lobes.
C) temporal lobes.
D) parietal lobes.
E) hippocampus.

Question 7

The limbic system rings the

A) hypothalamus.
B) cingulate.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.
E) thalamus.

Question 8

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks

A) indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion.
B) are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory.
C) are inconsistent with the Cannon-Bard theory.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 9

According to the James-Lange theory, the

A) experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.
B) cortex is not involved in emotion.
C) autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion.
D) experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli.
E) experience of emotion is not physiological.

Question 10

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals

A) submission.
B) hunger.
C) anger.
D) aggression.
E) threat.

Question 11

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the

A) autonomic nervous system.
B) limbic system.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) basal ganglion.

Question 12

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of

A) opposition.
B) antithesis.
C) conspecifics.
D) parsimony.
E) anti-expression.

Question 13

Illustrated here is the

A) limbic system.
B) Kluver-Bucy system.
C) sham rage circuit.
D) James-Lange circuit.
E) Cannon-Bard circuit.

Question 14

Which of the following structures is part of the limbic system?

A) amygdala
B) cingulate cortex
C) septum
D) mammillary body
E) all of the above

Question 15

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

A) causally related.
B) parallel processes.
C) dependent processes.
D) serial processes.
E) adaptive processes.

Question 16

Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

A) Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct.
B) James-Lange theory is basically correct.
C) hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression.
D) entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.
E) neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.

Question 17

"Limbic" means

A) "border."
B) "thalamus."
C) "emotion."
D) "emotional structure."
E) "emotion circuit."

Question 18

Darwin believed that

A) expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next.
B) expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost.
C) opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 19

Sham rage is displayed by

A) decorticate cats.
B) cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed.
C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 20

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and

A) Lange.
B) Cannon.
C) Ax.
D) Bard.
E) Ekman.

Question 21

The results of Ekman and Friesen's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested that

A) there are six primary emotions.
B) facial expressions are learned.
C) the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures.
D) Darwin's assumption of the universality of emotional expression is wrong.
E) New Guinean's are happier than New Yorkers.

Question 22

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

A) criminals.
B) arousal.
C) guilty knowledge.
D) guilt.
E) psychopathy.

Question 23

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to

A) also question a control suspect.
B) ask pointed questions.
C) have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects.
D) have a piece of information that is known by all the suspects but nobody else.
E) record basal skin conductance levels.

Question 24

Because it is difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the

A) guilty-knowledge technique.
B) control-question technique.
C) mock-crime procedure.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 25

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted:

A) The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli.
B) There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state.
C) The ANS responds in approximately the same way to all emotional stimuli.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 26

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the

A) guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible.
B) mock-crime procedure is often employed.
C) control-question technique is often employed.
D) polygraph is often employed.
E) group-contingency threat procedure is often employed.

Question 27

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that

A) there are six primary facial expressions of emotion.
B) many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions.
C) facial expressions of emotion are too numerous and varied to categorize.
D) shame, desire, and excitement are three of the primary emotions.
E) both A and B

Question 28

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A) medial prefrontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) anterior temporal lobe
D) lateral prefrontal lobe
E) medial temporal lobe

Question 29

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A) was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy.
B) was first demonstrated in monkeys.
C) has been observed in humans.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 30

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other structures of the limbic system on the

A) amygdala.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) neocortex.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A) aggression
B) sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects
C) lack of fear
D) consumption of almost anything that is edible
E) a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth

Question 32

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the

A) hippocampus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) septum.
E) cortex.

Question 33

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called

A) sham rage.
B) the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.
C) hippocampal rage.
D) septal rage.
E) temporal-lobe rage.

Question 34

Which of the following is not one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?

A) lust
B) fear
C) happiness
D) disgust
E) sadness

Question 35

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression?

A) Darwin
B) Ekman
C) Ax
D) Cannon
E) Lykken

Question 36

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

A) the same
B) different
C) tangential
D) similar
E) inhibitory

Question 37

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

A) emotion feedback hypothesis.
B) induced-emotion hypothesis.
C) facial feedback hypothesis.
D) Duchenne hypothesis.
E) Ekman hypothesis.

Question 38

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

A) the same
B) different
C) tangential
D) inhibitory
E) excitatory

Question 39

Illustrated here is the limbic system. The indicated structure is the

A) cingulate gyrus.
B) septum.
C) hypothalamus.
D) fornix.
E) mammillary body.

Question 40

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as

A) EEG recording.
B) ANS recording.
C) lie detection.
D) polygraph interrogation.
E) many measurements.

Question 41

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called

A) flash expressions.
B) insidious expressions.
C) microexpressions.
D) give-away expressions.
E) pseudoexpressions.

Question 42

Ronda was threatened by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of

A) social aggression.
B) a lateral attack.
C) alpha aggression.
D) a defensive attack.
E) predatory aggression.

Question 43

Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using

A) specially trained boxing rats.
B) the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.
C) the S-R approach.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 44

Fear is the motivating force for

A) defensive behaviors.
B) social aggression.
C) threat.
D) target sites.
E) aggressive behavior.

Question 45

In rats, boxing is

A) a defensive behavior.
B) directed at attacking conspecifics.
C) an aggressive behavior.
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

Question 46

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their

A) mouse killing.
B) play.
C) defensive attack.
D) risk assessment.
E) social aggression.

Question 47

The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact,

A) on drugs.
B) playing with mice.
C) vacillating between attack and defense.
D) vacillating between predatory and social aggression.
E) vacillating between lateral attack and boxing.

Question 48

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling

A) pride.
B) happiness.
C) surprise.
D) none of the above
E) both B and C

Question 49

In rats, lateral attack is a component of

A) social aggression.
B) predatory aggression.
C) predatory attack.
D) target site attack.
E) defensive attack.

Question 50

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the

A) orbicularis smile.
B) Ekman smile.
C) Duchenne smile.
D) legitimate smile.
E) Pinel smirk.

Question 51

During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the

A) back, near the base of the tail.
B) back of the neck.
C) throat.
D) nose.
E) hind legs.

Question 52

In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between

A) immature conspecifics.
B) male conspecifics.
C) female conspecifics.
D) pregnant females.
E) threatened conspecifics.

Question 53

The dominant male rat of a colony

A) is the alpha male.
B) usually moves sideways toward a male intruder.
C) usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders.
D) usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder.
E) all of the above

Question 54

The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the

A) orbicularis major.
B) orbicularis oculi.
C) zygomaticus major.
D) zygomaticus oculi.
E) gluteus maximus.

Question 55

Fear is the emotional reaction to

A) threat.
B) target sites.
C) alpha males.
D) defensive behavior.
E) stress.

Question 56

The Duchenne smile

A) is a false smile.
B) involves the orbicularis oculi.
C) does not involve the orbicularis oculi.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 57

The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the

A) facial feedback hypothesis.
B) Duchenne hypothesis.
C) Ekman hypothesis.
D) prosody principle.
E) Pinel principle.

Question 58

In rats, boxing is

A) a form of lateral attack.
B) defensive.
C) predatory.
D) social aggression.
E) an alpha attack.

Question 59

In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the

A) back, near the base of the tail.
B) throat.
C) nose.
D) hind legs.
E) side.

Question 60

The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of

A) their topography.
B) the situations in which they occur.
C) their apparent function.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 61

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?

A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) auditory cortex
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala
E) PAG

Question 62

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

A) social aggression occurs only in males.
B) the effects of estradial cannot be ruled out.
C) aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.
D) humans and rats differ in their sex hormones.
E) aggressive behavior is controlled by the amygdala.

Question 63

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning.

A) amygdala
B) septum
C) auditory cortex
D) hippocampus
E) granule cells

Question 64

The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the

A) perception of fear in others.
B) experience of fear.
C) feelings of fear.
D) focus of fear.
E) reappraisal of fear paradigms.

Question 65

Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion?

A) The brain activity associated with each emotion is localized to a small area of cortex.
B) There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion.
C) Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 66

Each amygdala is

A) a single nucleus.
B) a cluster of many nuclei.
C) actually two distinct structures.
D) actually three distinct structures.
E) composed of a medulla and a cortex.

Question 67

The evidence that testosterone affects the aggressive behavior of humans is inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

A) hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species.
B) the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species.
C) testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 68

Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with

A) an inability to experience happiness.
B) bilateral calcification of the amygdala.
C) degeneration of the hippocampus.
D) neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
E) unilateral calcification of the amygdala.

Question 69

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds?

A) auditory cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) periaqueductal gray
D) amygdala
E) medial geniculate nucleus

Question 70

Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not.

A) septum; lateral geniculate nucleus
B) frontal lobe; cingulate
C) medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
D) hypothalamus; septum
E) hippocampus; medial geniculate nucleus

Question 71

An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is

A) dependent on testosterone.
B) similar to defensive attack.
C) controlled by the amygdala.
D) directed at the tail.
E) directed at the head.

Question 72

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) septum.
D) hippocampus.
E) medial geniculate.

Question 73

Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species?

A) defensive attack
B) predatory aggression
C) social aggression
D) freezing
E) flight

Question 74

The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the

A) organizational effects of testosterone.
B) activational effects of testosterone.
C) high levels of defensive attack by females.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 75

A mirror-like system is thought to be the neural mechanism of

A) empathy.
B) fear.
C) love.
D) negative emotions.
E) fear mosaics.

Question 76

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty

A) experiencing fear.
B) expressing fear prosody.
C) recognizing facial expressions of fear.
D) with contextual fear conditioning.
E) with auditory fear conditioning.

Question 77

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research have focused on the role of two brain structures in emotion: the

A) hypothalamus and amygdala.
B) medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
C) hippocampus and PAG.
D) hypothalamus and hippocampus.
E) hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Question 78

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the __________, respectively.

A) auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus
B) PAG and septum
C) medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex
D) thalamus and cortex
E) hypothalamus and PAG

Question 79

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the

A) lateral nucleus.
B) preoptic nucleus.
C) paraventricular nucleus.
D) basolateral nucleus.
E) amygdala complex.

Question 80

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as

A) hypothalamic aggression.
B) septal defensiveness.
C) hippocampal aggression.
D) septal predatory aggression.
E) septal social aggression.