Deck 15: Testing for Differences Between Groups and for Predictive Relationships

Question 1

In most business research, the estimate of $\alpha$ in a regression equation is most important.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test comparing the means of three groups is: $\mu$ _{1 =} $\mu$ _{2 =} $\mu$ _3.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In a regression equation, the slope of the line, $\beta$ , is the change in X that is due to a corresponding change of one unit of Y.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In multiple regression, the dependent variable must be continuous and interval-scaled.

Question 5

When the difference between two groups is measured, bivariate statistics are used.

Question 6

If the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting, then standardized regression estimates are most appropriate.

Question 7

Choosing the right statistic boils down to what type and how many variables are involved in a particular research question or hypothesis.

Question 8

A Z-test for differences of proportions requires a sample size greater than 100.

Question 9

The chi-square test requires that the expected frequency in each cell of the contingency table be at least 30.

Question 10

Conceptually, ANOVA partitions the total variability into three types: total variation, between-group variation, and within-group variation.

Question 11

The chi-square test tests the significance of the relationship shown in an R X C contingency table in which R stands for row and C stands for column.

Question 12

The independent samples t-test tests the differences between means from no more than four independent samples or groups.

Question 13

In regression, the standardized Y-intercept term is always 1.

Question 14

A simple before-and-after test calls for a paired-samples t-test so long as the dependent variable is not continuous.

Question 15

Multivariate statistical analysis permits the researcher to consider more than one dependent variable at the same time.

Question 16

One way to test the significance of the relationship shown in a contingency tables is by means of the chi-square test.

Question 17

Once a variable has more than four categories, a cross-tabulation table has a stronger advantage in its simplicity in communicating the result.

Question 18

The chi-square test involves comparison of the observed frequencies of the groups with the expected frequencies of the groups.

Question 19

The degrees of freedom are calculated as df = n - 1 when using the t-test for comparing two means, where n = n₁ + n₂.

Question 20

If a researcher is interested in whether adult males purchase a product more frequently than adult females, univariate statistics would be used in the analysis of data.

Question 21

In the regression equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X, Y is the ____.

A) dependent variable
B) slope
C) independent variable
D) intercept

Question 22

In using the t-test to compare the means of two groups, the alternative hypothesis is typically stated as ____.

A) $\mu$ _{1 ¹} $\mu$ ₂
B) $\mu$ _{1 =} $\mu$ ₂
C) $\mu$ _{1 -} $\mu$ ₂ = 2
D) $\mu$ _{1 +} $\mu$ ₂ = 1

Question 23

Suppose that you are using a 9-point rating scale to compare men who have an annual income over $50, 000 (Group 1)with men who have an annual income less than or equal to $50, 000 (Group 2)with regard to their assessment of a new product.There are forty men in Group 1 and they have a mean of 7 and a standard deviation of 2.5, while the 35 men in Group 2 have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.4.What is the approximate value of t using the t-test?

A) 3.43
B) 4.19
C) 5.64
D) There is not enough information to determine this.

Question 24

ANOVA and Linear Regression are among the most common forms of the general linear model (GLM).

Question 25

Multiple regression analysis includes a single independent variable but several dependent variables.

Question 26

In a brand awareness study, 25 of a group of 35 males identify the brand correctly and 15 of a group of 35 females identify this brand correctly.The chi-square value for this study is approximately ____.

A) 3.26
B) 4.15
C) 5.84
D) 7.92

Question 27

In multiple regression, dummy variables are those that have no effect on the dependent variable.

Question 28

In using the Z-test for comparing two proportions, the null hypothesis is typically stated as ____.

A) $\pi$ ₁ = $\pi$ _2.
B) $\pi$ ₁ $\neq$ $\pi$ _2.
C) $\pi$ ₁ x $\pi$ ₂ = 1
D) $\pi$ ₁ - $\pi$ ₂ = 1

Question 29

How many degrees of freedom are there in a four-cell chi-square test?

A) (R - 1)
B) (R - 1)
C) (R - 1)(C - 1)
D) R(C - 1)

Question 30

In the regression equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X, a is the symbol for the ____.

A) slope of the regression line
B) y-intercept of the regression line
C) dependent variable
D) independent variable

Question 31

A paired-samples t-test is an appropriate test for comparing the scores of two ____________ drawn from related populations

A) interval variables
B) observed frequencies
C) sample means
D) sample standard deviations

Question 32

In the regression equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X , $\beta$ is the ____.

A) y-intercept
B) independent variable
C) slope of the regression line
D) dependent variable

Question 33

When students tardiness is used to predict the test performance of students in a reqression equation, student tardiness is the ____ variable and test performance is the ____ variable.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; dependent
C) dependent; independent
D) independent; predictor

Question 34

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the general linear model (GLM).

Question 35

In regression analysis, the symbol X is commonly used for the ____ variable, and the symbol Y is commonly used for the ____ variable.

A) dependent; moderating
B) independent; dependent
C) dependent; independent
D) independent; moderating

Question 36

A researcher hypothesizes that males and females differ with respect to attitude toward sports sponsorships.To investigate this hypothesis that these two groups' attitudes differ, the researcher will use a ____.

A) bivariate test of differences
B) univariate test of differences
C) multivariate test of differences
D) cluster analysis

Question 37

In a regression equation, the beta coefficients indicate the effect on the dependent variable of a 1-unit increase in any of the independent variables.

Question 38

In comparing the difference of the means between two groups, the null hypothesis can also be stated as ____.

A) $\mu$ ₁ - $\mu$ _{2 =} 0
B) $\mu$ ₁ + $\mu$ _{2 =} 0
C) $\mu$ ₁ x $\mu$ _{2 =} 0
D) $\mu$ ₁ / $\mu$ _{2 =} 0

Question 39

What is another form of the alternative hypothesis when testing the difference between the means of the two groups?

A) $\mu$ ₁ - $\mu$ ₂ = 0
B) $\mu$ ₁ - $\mu$ ₂ $\neq$ 0
C) $\mu$ ₁ - $\mu$ ₂ = 2
D) $\mu$ ₁ - $\mu$ ₂ $\neq$ 2

Question 40

A study compares the means of two groups in which there are 45 males in Group 1 and 37 females in Group 2.The degrees of freedom for this study when using the t-test for the difference between means is ____.

A) 74
B) 80
C) 82
D) 160

Question 41

The statistical significance of a regression model is determined using the ____.

A) t-test
B) $\chi$ ²
C) F-test
D) Z-test

Question 42

What are some of the most common statistical software packages?

A) RJRT and PTP
B) Amazon statistical ware
C) Microsoft Access
D) SPSS, SAS and EXCEL

Question 43

The sum of differences between the group mean and the grand mean summed over all groups for a given set of observations is called ____________________.

Question 44

The null hypothesis when using the Z-test for the differences between the proportions of two groups is that ____________________.

Question 45

When a researcher is attempting to predict sales volume by using building permits, amount of advertising, and the income levels of residents, the researcher is most likely using ____.

A) univariate analysis
B) a chi-square analysis
C) multiple regression analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 46

If the regression equation is: Y = -4.2 + 3.6 X, then the expected score for Y when X is 4 would be ____.

A) -18.6
B) 10.2
C) 18.6
D) 20.2

Question 47

A variable that has two distinct levels that are coded as either zero or one is called a(n)____.

A) regression variable
B) dummy variable
C) MANOVA variable
D) ANOVA variable

Question 48

The ____________________ is the mean of a variable over all observations.

Question 49

An investigation of a hypothesis stating that two (or more)groups differ with respect to measures of another variable is called a(n)____________________.

Question 50

about the mean of a variable over all observations is called the ________________ mean.

A) grand
B) free
C) total
D) convergence

Question 51

The ____________________ test for a contingency table involves comparing the observed frequencies (Oi )with the expected frequencies (Ei )in each cell of the table.

Question 52

Which value provides a common metric allowing regression results to be compared to one another, regardless of what the original scale range may have been?

A) standardized regression coefficient ( $\beta$ )
B) $\chi$ ²
C) coefficient of determination (R²)
D) raw parameter estimates

Question 53

Consider the regression equation: Y = 98.3 +.35X₁ + 22.3X₂, the predicted value for Y when X₁ = 3 and X₂ = 5 is ____.

A) 67.23
B) 98.34
C) 118.45
D) 210.85

Question 54

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the ____, which is a way of modeling some process based on how different variables cause fluctuations from the average dependent variable.

A) ordinary linear model (OLM)
B) weighted average model (WAM)
C) general linear model (GLM)
D) metric scaling model (MSM)

Question 55

In the formula df = n - k, k represents the ____.

A) number of observations
B) degrees of freedom of the denominator
C) number of independent variables
D) sample size

Question 56

Which type of analysis involves three or more variables?

A) univariate statistical analysis
B) bivariate statistical analysis
C) multivariate statistical analysis
D) polyvariate statistical analysis

Question 57

____________________ is the appropriate test to use when comparing the means of three or more groups to see if they are significantly different from one another.

Question 58

Which analysis is portrayed by the equation: Y = b_o + $\beta$ ₁X₁ + $\beta$ ₂X₂ + $\beta$ ₃X₃...+ $\beta$ _nX_n?

A) simple regression
B) multiple regression
C) chi-square
D) factor analysis

Question 59

What is the final step in interpreting a multiple regression model?

A) Examine the model R².
B) Examine the individual statistical tests for each parameter estimate
C) Examine the model F-test.
D) Diagnose multicollinearity.

Question 60

What is the first step in interpreting a multiple regression model?

A) Examine the model R².
B) Examine the individual statistical tests for each parameter estimate
C) Examine the model F-test.
D) Diagnose multicollinearity.

Question 61

Discuss when a paired-samples t-test is appropriate and give an example of when it should be used.

Question 62

The test for the statistical significance of the regression model is the ____________________ test.

Question 63

____________________ may be used to assess problems with multicollinearity.

Question 64

Describe a Z-test for comparing two proportions along with its appropriate null hypothesis.

Question 65

A(n)____________________ variable has two distinct levels that are coded as 0 and 1.

Question 66

____________________ in regression analysis refers to how strongly interrelated the independent variables in a model are.

Question 67

What is ANOVA and when is it the appropriate statistical technique? What test is used to determine significance?

Question 68

The statistical test used to determine whether there is more variability in the scores of one sample than in the scores of another sample is the ____________________.

Question 69

Discuss the pros and cons of raw regression estimates and standardized regression estimates and discuss when each is appropriate.

Question 70

Discuss the $\chi$ ² test for Goodness-of-fit.

Question 71

The F-test partitions total variance into ____________________ variance and ____________________ variance.

Question 72

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the ____________________.

Question 73

Statistical methods that permit the study of three or more variables at the same time are called ____________________ statistical analysis.

Question 74

If the number of coupons given out at shopping malls is used to predict the number of tickets that will be sold to a country and western band's performance at a local club, the number of coupons is the ____________________ variable.