Deck 10: Emotional Development and Attachment

Question 1

What type of emotions are surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, and fear?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) self-conscious

Answer 1

primary

Question 2

Which type of emotions develops in the first 6 months of life and is also present in animals?

A) self-conscious
B) primary
C) secondary
D) tertiary

Answer 2

primary

Question 3

Which type of emotions develops at some point after the first 18 months of life?

A) regulating
B) early
C) self-conscious
D) positive

Answer 3

self-conscious

Question 4

Regarding the appearance and sequence of emotions in infants, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Emotions, such as fear and jealousy, appear in infants at the same time.
B) It is complicated and difficult to determine the onset of some emotions, and researchers hold very different views and report different findings.
C) Infants experience emotions in the following sequence: joy, pride, sadness, shame, anger, fear.
D) Researchers have reached consensus that jealousy does not emerge until after approximately 18 months of age.

Question 5

East Asian parents encourage their children to be emotionally _____, whereas Western parents encourage their children to be emotionally _____.

A) unstable; stable
B) stable; unstable
C) reserved; expressive
D) expressive; reserved

Question 6

John does not recognize when, or understand why, his wife gets frustrated when he leaves his dirty socks and other laundry on the bathroom floor. John is lacking

A) self-efficacy.
B) emotional competence.
C) emotion regulation.
D) emotion dismissing.

Question 7

What type of emotions are empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment?

A) regulating
B) primary
C) self-conscious
D) positive

Question 8

Gayle insists that her daughter is being silly and should not be upset by a friend's insensitive comments. Gayle is practicing

A) emotion monitoring.
B) emotion coaching.
C) emotion dismissing.
D) emotion labeling.

Question 9

Infant Nathan is smiling and "talking" with short, loud noises. His mother responds each time Nathan expresses himself by smiling and talking. This interaction is described as

A) emotion regulation.
B) asynchronous.
C) reciprocal
D) emotion coaching.

Question 10

In order to be emotionally competent, one needs

A) to be aware of one's own and others' emotional states.
B) to have an empathic and sympathetic sensitivity to others' emotional experiences.
C) to be able to regulate and reduce the intensity and duration of one's own negative emotional states.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 11

Infant Jay starts with a sudden long, initial loud cry, followed by a long period in which Jay holds his breath until the next crying sound comes out. This is a(n) ____ cry.

A) pain
B) basic
C) anger
D) hungry

Question 12

Hannah and Sarah are arguing. Their mother sympathetically helps each girl manage her emotions while they talk about solutions. This is an example of

A) emotional dismissing.
B) emotional coaching.
C) changing negative emotions.
D) internal emotional regulation.

Question 13

Cherilyn's parents often ignore her emotions or try to explain that her problems should not upset her. Cherilyn's parents can be described as

A) emotion-coaching.
B) emotion-dismissing.
C) emotion-attending.
D) emotion-scaffolding.

Question 14

Children of emotion-coaching parents are more likely to

A) have poorer emotion regulation.
B) have more difficulty in focusing their attention.
C) have more difficulty regulating negative effects on their own.
D) self-soothe, focus attention, and behave appropriately.

Question 15

Although she is upset, Olivia controls her emotions during a heated discussion with a co-worker. Olivia has a high level of emotional

A) dismissing.
B) coaching.
C) arousal.
D) regulation.

Question 16

An infant's gradual development of the capacity to regulate emotions is associated with development of

A) amygdala.
B) frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
C) the brain stem.
D) the hippocampus.

Question 17

Baby Jonah is hungry. According to some infancy experts, he will most likely alert his mother with a(n)

A) basic cry.
B) anger cry.
C) pain cry.
D) social smile.

Question 18

With increasing age, young children's sources of regulation of emotion shifts from being

A) social to adaptive.
B) adaptive to social.
C) internal to external.
D) external to internal.

Question 19

Adam reacts to difficult or negative situations at such a high level that it affects his normal effective functioning. He has a high level of emotional

A) dismissing.
B) regulation.
C) arousal.
D) coaching.

Question 20

A feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him/her, especially to his or her well-being, is labeled a(n)

A) emotion.
B) mood.
C) reaction.
D) love.

Question 21

Separation protest is initially displayed around ____ months and peaks at about _____ months.

A) 7-8; 12
B) 7-8; 15
C) 3-4; 12
D) 3-4; 15

Question 22

Alan's infant daughter begins to cry only minutes after she goes down for a nap. According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, Alan should

A) ignore her so that her crying won't be reinforced.
B) go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
C) wait 2 minutes, then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D) take her out of bed. She doesn't need a nap at this time.

Question 23

Three-month-old Elizabeth smiles whenever her mother smiles at her. Researchers call this a _____ smile.

A) faked
B) social
C) reflexive
D) basic

Question 24

Which of the following would MOST likely cause an infant to express fear?

A) stranger anxiety
B) reciprocal interactions
C) unfamiliar objects
D) not being well-fed

Question 25

Three-week-old baby Alex smiles mostly during sleep and not in response to his mother's kind expressions. These smiles are

A) protested.
B) faked smiles.
C) social.
D) reflexive.

Question 26

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves

A) neglect.
B) anger.
C) abuse.
D) stranger anxiety.

Question 27

Separation protest is typically displayed by infants at around

A) 7 to 8 weeks.
B) 7 to 8 months.
C) 4 months
D) 12-15 months.

Question 28

Social smiling occurs as early as _____ of age in response to a caregiver's voice.

A) 4 to 6 weeks
B) 6 to 8 weeks
C) 3 to 4 months
D) 4 to 6 months

Question 29

Todd's infant daughter begins to cry only minutes after she goes down for a nap. According to John Watson, Todd should

A) ignore her so that her crying won't be reinforced.
B) go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
C) wait 2 minutes, then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D) take her out of bed. She doesn't need a nap at this time.

Question 30

The emotion of fear may appear earlier than normal in some infants due to

A) heredity
B) reciprocal interaction
C) abuse or neglect
D) stranger anxiety

Question 31

Adolescents are more likely than adults to

A) report feeling "very happy" only.
B) report feeling "very unhappy" only.
C) report feeling "very happy" and feeling "very unhappy."
D) report feeling shame or embarrassment.

Question 32

Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that

A) quick attention to crying results in rewarding and increasing that behavior.
B) babies can become spoiled in their first year of life.
C) quick attention to crying is important in the development of a strong bond between parent and child.
D) children cannot self-regulate emotions if a parent comforts their every cry.

Question 33

The pediatrician warns a mother that responding to her baby's every cry will reward and increase crying. Which view does this doctor hold?

A) John Bowlby's view
B) the behaviorist view
C) Mary Ainsworth's view
D) the evolutionary view

Question 34

Jenna cries when her mother leaves her with her babysitter. Jenna is showing

A) anger against the stranger.
B) separation protest.
C) emotion regulation.
D) stranger anxiety.

Question 35

Which of the following represents the correct order of the developmental sequence of emotion regulation?

A) using language to communicate emotions, soothing by others, redirecting one's own attention
B) soothing by others, using language to communicate emotions, redirecting one's own attention
C) soothing by others, redirecting one's own attention, using language to communicate emotions
D) redirecting one's own attention, soothing by others, using language to communicate emotions

Question 36

Stranger anxiety is less likely to appear in conjunction with

A) familiar settings.
B) feelings of insecurity.
C) absence of the mother.
D) unfamiliar settings.

Question 37

By 10 years of age, most children are able to use cognitive strategies to manage stress. In which of the following types of families would children BEST cope with stress?

A) families that often experience frightening events
B) families that often experience trauma
C) families that experience several disasters
D) families that reassure children of their safety and security

Question 38

Fifteen-month-old Teri cries when her mother drops her off at day care. Baby Teri is displaying

A) emotional empathy.
B) reciprocal interaction.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) separation protest.

Question 39

Kylie is 3 years old. At this age, she should be able to

A) reflect on emotions.
B) use appropriate words to describe her emotions and what caused them.
C) understand that the same event may elicit different feelings from different people.
D) understand that they need to manage their emotions to meet the social standards.

Question 40

At what age do children start to show fear when a new person enters their environment?

A) at birth
B) by 3 months
C) by 6 months
D) by 9 months

Question 41

Twin and adoption studies have found that heredity has _____ influence on temperament within a group of people.

A) a large
B) a moderate
C) a minimal
D) no

Question 42

Shelby's best friend didn't run up to play with her at recess. Instead of getting upset, Shelby thought "Is she sick?" and went up to ask her. This is an example of Shelby's

A) ability to reframe a potentially stressful situation.
B) inability to recognize her own true emotion.
C) inability to cope with stress.
D) emotional incompetence.

Question 43

Baby Natalie is generally in a positive mood. She follows a regular daily routine and is calm during new situations. According to Chess and Thomas, Natalie is

A) an uninhibited child.
B) a slow-to-warm-up child.
C) a difficult child.
D) an easy child.

Question 44

According to Kagan, inhibition shows

A) some continuity from infancy through early childhood.
B) some continuity from infancy through late adulthood.
C) high variability from infancy through early childhood.
D) high variability from infancy through late adulthood.

Question 45

Which of the following categories do Rothbart and Bates use to classify infant temperament?

A) emotionality, social ability, and activity level
B) extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
C) easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
D) inhibited, neutral, and uninhibited

Question 46

Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that

A) older adults deliberately withdraw from peripheral relationships, while increasing contact with close friends and family members that offer enjoyable relationships.
B) older adults deliberately withdraw from contact with close friends, and focus their relationships only on family members.
C) deliberately increase new social relationships at the expense of their old relationships.
D) older adults systematically expand their social network since they have more time to spare and are concerned about being lonely and ignored by others.

Question 47

Maria is pregnant. If her child fits one of the Chess and Thomas temperaments, statistically speaking, which one will her child most likely have?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) uninhibited
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 48

When Gehrig is left at preschool, he cries and will not play with the other children for some time. According to Chess and Thomas, what type of temperament does Gehrig exhibit?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) uninhibited

Question 49

With which Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification does Kagan's uninhibited category most closely coincide?

A) self-regulation
B) effortful control
C) negative affectivity
D) extraversion/surgency

Question 50

Beth decides to socialize with fewer friends than she did when she was younger, but each relationship is deeply satisfying and enjoyable to her. This is an example of

A) socioemotional selectivity theory.
B) fight or flight behavior.
C) tend and befriend behavior.
D) having less contentment and more extreme joy.

Question 51

Which of the following statements regarding adolescence is NOT true?

A) Adolescent girls are more vulnerable to depression than boys.
B) Moodiness is normal in early adolescence
C) The intensity of adolescent emotions may seem out of proportion with the eliciting event.
D) Adolescent boys are moodier than adolescent girls.

Question 52

Which theory explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A) activity theory
B) socioemotional selectivity theory
C) social discontinuity theory
D) disengagement theory

Question 53

Now that Rosie is in late adulthood, the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts she will

A) become more socially withdrawn.
B) continue to actively make new friends.
C) spend most of her time with familiar friends and family members.
D) emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 54

Older adulthood emotional experience is characterized by _____ emotions than in young adulthood.

A) more positive
B) less intense
C) fewer negative
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 55

According to socioemotional theory, for older adults, knowledge-related goals _____, whereas emotion-related goals _____.

A) increase; decline
B) decline; increase
C) increase; disappear
D) decline; disappear

Question 56

With which Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification does Kagan's inhibited category most closely coincide?

A) effortful control
B) positive affectivity
C) negative affectivity
D) extraversion/surgency

Question 57

The temperament category of ______ fits with Kagan's inhibited category, and the category of ________ fits with Kagan's uninhibited category.

A) effortful control; negative affectivity
B) surgency; negative affectivity
C) extraversion; negative affectivity
D) negative affectivity; surgency

Question 58

According to Chess and Thomas, a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays low intensity moods is characterized as

A) uninhibited.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) difficult.
D) easy.

Question 59

High cortisol levels, high activity in the right frontal brain lobe, and a high and stable heart rate are associated with a(n) _____ temperament.

A) uninhibited
B) extraversion
C) surgency
D) inhibited

Question 60

Nora limits her socialization to that involving her neighbors, old friends, and family members, and has mostly positive emotions with them. Nora MOST likely is a(n)

A) young adult.
B) adolescent.
C) early adult.
D) older adult.

Question 61

Which of the following would inhibit an infant's ability to learn about the social world?

A) face-to-face play
B) cooperative tasks with peers
C) self-produced locomotion skills
D) when caregivers show no facial expressions and are unresponsive to infants

Question 62

Which of the following demonstrates phase 3 in Bowlby's attachment theory?

A) Ryan follows his dad everywhere.
B) Dallas knows that his actions and words have emotional consequences for others around him, so he is careful with what he says and does.
C) Newborn James can be comforted by anyone who will hold and feed him.
D) Kandice is beginning to recognize and prefer her mother or father to strangers.

Question 63

Tricia is independent, adventurous, and likes to explore new places. Her mother, however, is overly controlling and rigid. This is an example of

A) poor goodness of fit.
B) reactive interaction.
C) goodness of fit.
D) surgency.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a recommended parenting strategy to use in relation to a child's temperament?

A) Expose the child to situations that make them uncomfortable so they can work on overcoming their fears.
B) Be flexible in responding to the child.
C) Be sensitive to the individual characteristics of the child.
D) Avoid applying negative labels to the child.

Question 65

Jeniel is a very active, uninhibited little girl. Her parents provide her with a stimulating environment and allow her to run and explore whenever they can. This illustrates

A) environmental influences shaping personality.
B) effortful control.
C) poor goodness of fit.
D) goodness of fit.

Question 66

Which of the following would Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

A) Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled.
B) Soothe the baby so he/she develops a healthy sense of trust.
C) Provide adequate food, so that he/she doesn't need to cry.
D) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he/she doesn't become dependent upon external comforters.

Question 67

What is the main problem with labeling children as "difficult"?

A) It is inaccurate, because all children can be difficult from time to time.
B) It can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) No child is truly difficult. Some parents have unreasonably high expectations.
D) It does not take into consideration the environment in which children are being raised.

Question 68

Goodness of fit occurs when a child's temperament matches

A) environmental demands.
B) the parent's temperament.
C) the parent's attachment style.
D) reciprocal interactions.

Question 69

Ellie wants to touch a plant she sees in the doctor's office. She moves toward the plant and looks for her mother's reaction. Her mother frowns and shakes her head. Ellie retreats and leaves the plant alone. This illustrates

A) uninhibited temperament.
B) secure attachment.
C) social referencing.
D) joint attention.

Question 70

Hannah is 3 months old. To which of the following would Hannah show the most positive emotion?

A) the smiling face of a caregiver
B) the still face of a caregiver
C) the smiling face of a doll
D) a smiling person on TV

Question 71

Reading emotional cues from others to help determine how to act in a particular situation is known as

A) joint attention.
B) attachment.
C) social referencing.
D) emotion regulation.

Question 72

The frequency of face-to-face play decreases after 7 months of age due to which of the following?

A) the infant's habituation with the caregiver's face
B) the infant's decreasing interest in locomotion
C) the infant's increased mobility
D) the infant's increasing mistrust of caregivers

Question 73

What is the crucial element in attachment as demonstrated by Harry Harlow's experiment with monkeys?

A) feeding
B) voice tone
C) contact comfort
D) critical period bonding

Question 74

Jackson checks his mother's expression before venturing toward the sidewalk. This is an example of

A) separation protest.
B) social referencing.
C) joint attention.
D) strange situation anxiety.

Question 75

Research shows that infants are

A) not able to perceive people as engaging an intentional and goal-directed behavior until after 2 years of age.
B) not able to do "social referencing" until after 2 years of age.
C) less socially sophisticated and insightful at early ages than previously thought.
D) more socially sophisticated and insightful at early ages than previously thought.

Question 76

Freud believed that infants become attached to the person or object that

A) helps them develop a sense of trust through consistent attention to needs.
B) provides oral satisfaction.
C) emanates physical warmth and heartbeat tones.
D) they see and hear immediately after birth.

Question 77

A recent study involved 1- and 2-year-olds in a simple cooperative task. Which of the following accurately describes the findings of the study?

A) The 2-year-olds engaged in more actively cooperative behavior.
B) The 1-year-olds engaged in more actively cooperative behavior.
C) Both 1- and 2-year-olds engaged in actively cooperative behavior equally.
D) Both 1- and 2-year-olds engaged in highly competitive behavior.

Question 78

Which theorist believed that during the first year of life responsive, sensitive parenting helps an infant to develop a lifelong trust that the world will be a pleasant place?

A) Harry Harlow
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Erik Erikson
D) Jerome Kagan

Question 79

Infants develop a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturing care. This is known as a(n)

A) trust.
B) social orientation.
C) internal working model of attachment.
D) biological predisposition for attachment.

Question 80

Five-month-old Michelle is especially fond of her mother. She exhibits stranger anxiety and fusses when left with a babysitter. This is an example of which of Bowlby's attachment phases?

A) phase 1
B) phase 2
C) phase 3
D) phase 4