Deck 11: Health Care: an Anatomy of Health and Illness

Question 1

A study on how the SARS virus spread throughout Asia due to airline travel and cultural values about preventing disease is a ______.

A) micro-level study
B) meso-level study
C) meta-level study
D) global-level study

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The statement, "Multinational companies that build plants in the poor Global South provide examples of the profit motive's influence on health conditions," most closely reflects ______.

A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) feminist theory
D) symbolic interaction theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The statement, "The primary task of the medical profession is to control illness and prevent individuals from being unable to perform their social roles," most closely reflects ______.

A) conflict theory
B) functionalist theory
C) feminist theory
D) symbolic interaction theory

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The medicalization of certain human behaviors is most closely associated with ______.

A) rational choice theory
B) conflict theory
C) functionalist theory
D) symbolic interaction theory

Question 5

In sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is very common and continues to spread rapidly. In sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is most accurately described as a(n) ______.

A) epidemic
B) pandemic
C) medical crisis
D) country-level problem

Question 6

The statement, "Through the labeling process, behaviors that were once seen as criminal or 'bad' are now defined as illness," most closely reflects ______.

A) rational choice theory
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) functionalist theory

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of the sick role?

A) The sick person relaxes and enjoys resting while recovering.
B) The sick person is excused from normal social responsibility in order to get well.
C) The illness is not the sick person's fault.
D) The sick person is expected to seek competent medical help.

Question 8

Eva wants to study the way that a major epidemic illness affects the educational and governmental institutions in a society. Eva is likely taking a ______.

A) symbolic interactionist perspective
B) functionalist perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 9

In the mid-20th century, the American Psychological Association (APA) considered homosexuality a disease. Since that time, the APA has reversed its stance. Homosexuality has become ______.

A) labeled
B) medicalized
C) de-medicalized
D) de-labeled

Question 10

A study of the ways in which menopause has become medicalized would most likely use ______.

A) conflict theory
B) rational choice theory
C) functionalism
D) feminist theory

Question 11

Which of the following statements represents an argument in favor of euthanasia?

A) Medical measures are available to relieve pain.
B) Religious beliefs affirm the sanctity of life.
C) Extending life with no hope of recovery is costly.
D) Terminally ill patients may be acting out of depression.

Question 12

The statement, "The purpose of the health care system is to maintain social structure and a harmonious balance between individuals and institutions in society," most closely reflects ______.

A) symbolic interaction theory
B) conflict theory
C) functionalist theory
D) feminist theory

Question 13

Which of the following statements about Oregon's euthanasia law is false?

A) Doctors have to wait 60 days before complying with the patient's wishes.
B) Two or more doctors must agree that the patient has 6 or fewer months to live.
C) The patient must make two written requests for the prescription.
D) The patient must be 18 years or older.

Question 14

______ U.S. states give competent, terminally ill adults the legal right to commit suicide.

A) Ten
B) Five
C) Six
D) Eight

Question 15

The statement, "In recent years, the definition of illness has expanded to encompass substance abuse and some forms of deviant behavior," most closely reflects ______.

A) medicalization of illness
B) conflict theory
C) functionalism
D) feminist theory

Question 16

A study of the ways that health care is affected by the political party that is in power would be a ______.

A) micro-level study
B) meso-level study
C) macro-level study
D) global-level study

Question 17

Jill is the school's baseball coach. Jill sees Michael, one of her baseball players, having fun at the mall with his friends after missing practice due to illness. Because Michael's behavior did not conform to his sick role, Jill concludes that he was faking and makes him run laps at the next practice. Jill just utilized the ______ approach.

A) symbolic interactionist
B) conflict
C) ecological
D) feminist

Question 18

Alistair wants to study the safety violations that have occurred in Taiwan by a prominent U.S.-based company where three workers have died because of a lack of safety equipment so that the company could earn a larger profit. Alistair is likely taking a ______.

A) symbolic interactionist perspective
B) functionalist perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an argument in favor of euthanasia?

A) Physicians have the ability to help terminally ill patients die in comfort.
B) Terminally ill people have the right to decide how and when they die.
C) Legal safeguards prevent abuse of physician-assisted suicide.
D) Physicians are obligated to sustain life.

Question 20

In the rural Global South setting, as many as half of the babies born will die in infancy because of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) poor sanitation.
B) medicalization.
C) lack of clean water.
D) lack of medicine.

Question 21

Labeling theory, as applied to the study of health and illness, is most closely associated with the functionalist perspective.

Question 22

Key international markers often measure the status of a nation's health and medical care. Which of the following represents the two health markers discussed in the text?

A) infant mortality and death rates
B) birth and death rates
C) life expectancy and infant mortality
D) fecundity and life expectancy

Question 23

Meso-level analyses of health are concerned, in part, with how other institutions affect health care.

Question 24

Allopathy is medical treatment supported by the American Medical Association and most Western medical organizations involving remedies based on directly countering a patient's symptoms with drugs or surgery.

Question 25

Africa has the highest percentage of people who are infected with HIV/AIDS in the world.

Question 26

The ______ has led to the decline of United States citizens who do not have health insurance.

A) Medicaid Assistance Bill
B) Regulated Insurance Law
C) Medical Necessity Legislation
D) Affordable Care Act

Question 27

According to the text, the role of the curandero combines elements of healer and ______.

A) priest
B) psychologist
C) leader
D) none of these

Question 28

According to the text, functional theorists focus primarily on the micro-level of the health care system.

Question 29

Before the passage of the Affordable Care Act, the greatest criticism of the U.S. system was:

A) the inaccessibility of health care insurance for many.
B) the low quality of care.
C) the low quality of medical training.
D) the lack of a single-payer system.

Question 30

Tyson lives in a large city. Recently, the medical clinic that treated Tyson and his family closed and reopened as a big, fancy clinic in the suburbs. Tyson's story is an illustration of ______.

A) discrimination
B) corporatization
C) maldistribution of services
D) medical atrophy

Question 31

About 80% of the budget for Medicare goes toward the final year of life.

Question 32

Labeling some behaviors as illnesses can be beneficial for patients' care.

Question 33

The high infant mortality rate in the United States compared with rates in other affluent countries is largely attributed to ______.

A) lack of education
B) lack of adequate health care
C) harmful lifestyles
D) none of these

Question 34

Which of the following about the British health care system is true?

A) Public opinion about the age of health care facilities is becoming increasingly negative.
B) All citizens have access to free health care.
C) Regional gatekeepers assign individuals to physicians.
D) Citizens never pay for private health care services.

Question 35

Which of the following is true about the new health care plan in the United States?

A) The number of uninsured Americans is gradually decreasing.
B) Insurance companies allow doctors to determine which services are medically necessary and how much they will be reimbursed.
C) Individuals cannot be discriminated against because of preexisting conditions unless it is a result of obesity or smoking.
D) Nobody has to pay taxes.

Question 36

Which type of health care does the government regulate but not operate?

A) socialized medicine
B) decentralized national health care
C) PPOs
D) HMOs

Question 37

All of the following countries have socialized medicine systems EXCEPT:

A) Israel.
B) Canada.
C) France.
D) Sweden.

Question 38

After the American Medical Association (AMA) was established, it became the means to gain legitimacy and power of health care practice. As a result, only one health approach, ______, was granted legitimacy.

A) homeopathy
B) osteopathy
C) allopathy
D) midwifery

Question 39

All of the following countries have decentralized health care systems EXCEPT:

A) Germany.
B) Japan.
C) the Netherlands.
D) Great Britain.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about gender patterns in Western cultures is false?

A) Women report more health problems than men.
B) Men use more emergency services than women.
C) Men take more medications than women.
D) Women use more physician services than men.

Question 41

Infant mortality is lower among minority infants than other groups because of the minority groups' access to governmental assistance programs.

Question 42

Sociologists view illness as primarily a physical disorder.

Question 43

Pain is a universal experience.

Question 44

The AMA (American Medical Association) was established in 1847.

Question 45

Functionalists argue that social norms define what counts as illness and how to treat it.

Question 46

The United States spends twice as much per year on health care as many other Global North countries.

Question 47

Health care systems are major employers in most affluent nations.

Question 48

Sweden, Norway, and Israel are examples of countries that have socialized medicine.

Question 49

According to the text, in the United States, medical services are distributed according to the needs of the people.

Question 50

Differential access is a key theme in conflict theorists' approach to health issues.

Question 51

Decentralized health programs provide a government-supported consumer service with equal access to health care for all citizens of a country.

Question 52

Men are more likely to use emergency medical services than women.

Question 53

A pandemic is a disease prevalent throughout an entire country that may infect a continent or reach around the world.

Question 54

According to the sick role, a person with a terrible hangover would not be legitimately excused from the individual's normal roles and responsibilities.

Question 55

Research studies have found no differences in the ways people of different ethnic backgrounds respond to pain.

Question 56

While women report more health problems than men, men are more likely to be hospitalized than women.

Question 57

In decentralized national health programs, the government operates the health care system, but it does not regulate it.

Question 58

The American Medical Association formed only after physicians became a very high-status group.

Question 59

According to your text, the United States does not have socialized medicine.

Question 60

Tyler missed his sociology exam. Later that week, he went to his professor and said that he missed the exam because of his illness. According to Parsons's sick role theory, the professor should punish Tyler for being sick.

Question 61

Recent public health accomplishments include improved motor vehicle safety, safer workplaces, control of more infectious diseases, greater access to family planning and prenatal care, and education of citizens about the dangers of tobacco and other unhealthy substances.

Question 62

Discuss the components of the Affordable Care Act. What effect has this act had on the number of people who have health insurance in the United States?

Question 63

Discuss minorities as they relate to health care.

Question 64

Compare and contrast socialized and decentralized national health care programs.

Question 65

The U.S. loses three times as many years of life to infectious diseases and two times as many to metabolic diseases than the average for an OECD nation.

Question 66

Medicine practiced by the dominant groups of physicians in Western societies is known as homeopathy.

Question 67

Define and explain what is meant by allopathy.

Question 68

Massachusetts has the most "active patient care doctors" per 100,000 residents with 314; Mississippi has the fewest with 159.

Question 69

Hospitals have been compared with bureaucracies. What are the similarities between the two?

Question 70

Describe the maldistribution of health care in the United States and outside the United States. How are these issues similar?

Question 71

Explain how the global stratification of health care creates an illegal market for body parts.

Question 72

The international sale of body parts on the black market is a macro-level problem.

Question 73

Define and explain what is meant by medicalization. Provide examples.

Question 74

Imagine that someone woke up this morning with a terrible hangover from drinking too much last night. Is your professor likely to excuse that person from the exam? Using Parsons's model of the sick role, explain why or why not. Imagine that someone woke up this morning with the stomach flu from being exposed to a virus. Is your professor likely to excuse that person from the exam? Using Parsons's model of the sick role, explain why or why not. How are those two situations different?

Question 75

List and discuss the problems in the U.S. health care system presented in the text. Be sure to provide concrete evidence in your discussion.

Question 76

Sales of skin, bones, tissue, and dental implants from fresh corpses have grown, with a center of such activity in Ukraine.

Question 77

The density and mobility of the world's population has little-to-no impact on human health.

Question 78

Explain the functionalist and conflict perspectives of health care. Imagine that you conduct a research study and find that countries with greater income disparity among the population have greater disparity in health care. How would you explain your findings from a functionalist perspective? How would you explain your findings from a conflict perspective?

Question 79

Public health refers to efforts to fight disease, promote health, and raise life expectancy rates.

Question 80

List and briefly discuss two arguments in favor of and two arguments against euthanasia.