Deck 8: Race and Ethnic Group Stratification: Beyond Us and Them

Question 1

As Eric waited for class to start, he considered starting a conversation with one of his classmates. However, Eric decided they all looked like "frat boys," and he figured they would have nothing in common, so he sat silently and waited for class to start. Eric's behavior can be best described as ______.

A) stereotyping
B) negative contact
C) racism
D) institutionalized discrimination

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to the textbook, all of the following are true about African Americans EXCEPT that:

A) they are more likely to be unemployed at every level of educational achievement.
B) they are more likely to be paid a lower income regardless of educational level.
C) they are more likely to have less wealth in comparison with Whites.
D) they make the same income as Whites after controlling for educational level.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The following statement about immigration in the United States is false:

A) About 13% of the current population is born outside the United States.
B) Among the Black population, the foreign born have tripled in number since 1980.
C) About 40% of the current population is born outside the United States.
D) Today, 8.7% of the U.S. Black population is foreign born, and about half are from the Caribbean.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A minority reaction to racial prejudice or racial discrimination that addresses meso- and/or macro-level issues is called ______.

A) assimilation
B) acceptance
C) change-oriented action
D) aggression

Question 5

Ethnic groups are based on all of the following EXCEPT:

A) skin color.
B) language.
C) foods.
D) customs.

Question 6

Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than White Americans, even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that exclude minority individuals from home ownership. This is an example of ______ discrimination.

A) illegal
B) intentional
C) past-in-present
D) mean-spirited

Question 7

One June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof, "entered the church, asked for the pastor and sat next to him during Bible study before opening fire. 'I have to do it,' he said, according to [reports]. 'You rape our women and you're taking over our country. You have to go.'" This is an example of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) an expression of race-blind ideology.
B) a very poorly adjusted young man.
C) frustration-aggression theory.
D) an act of racial discrimination.

Question 8

According to the text, the first attempt to scientifically define race was made by ______.

A) Carl von Linné
B) Charles Darwin
C) the United Kingdom
D) the Bible

Question 9

When the Serbian army massacred Bosnian civilians while conducting "ethnic cleansing," they were participating in ______, in which the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group.

A) genocide
B) subjugation
C) population transfer
D) assimilation

Question 10

Recent studies show all of the following EXCEPT that:

A) a college education is a major factor in high incomes.
B) a college education serves as protection against economic recessions.
C) even with a college education, there is a huge difference in average incomes depending on the race of the person.
D) after controlling for education level, income is the same across racial groups.

Question 11

When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding whom to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie because Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as ______.

A) scapegoating
B) discrimination
C) unintentional discrimination
D) institutional racial discrimination

Question 12

A(n) ______ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

A) race
B) ethnic group
C) minority group
D) out-group

Question 13

The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in ______.

A) 1909 by Charles Darwin
B) 1816 by Joseph Arthur
C) 1939 by Adolf Hitler
D) 1735 by Carl von Linné

Question 14

Jim Crow laws in mid-1900s America are examples of ______ discrimination.

A) intentional
B) unintentional
C) race-blind
D) side-effect

Question 15

According to the textbook, a racial ideology that grew out of opposition to U.S. affirmative action programs in the 1980s is ______.

A) the color-blind ideology
B) scapegoating
C) direct institutional racism
D) indirect institutional racism

Question 16

The often-forced removal of a minority group from a region or country is ______.

A) subjugation
B) segregation
C) population transfer
D) domestic colonialism

Question 17

______ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.

A) A self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Prejudice
C) Stereotyping
D) Scapegoating

Question 18

Before the civil rights laws were passed in the United States in the 1960s, a number of states had ______ laws that spelled out differential treatment for racial groups.

A) Dred Scott
B) one-drop
C) Apartheid
D) Jim Crow

Question 19

Joseph lives in a country where he is not allowed to go to school with White students since he is not White. He can only eat in certain restaurants, and he has a government-mandated curfew based on his race. He cannot buy a house in certain parts of town and must sit on the left side of the bus. Joseph lives in a town that is ______.

A) segregated
B) in rebellion
C) uncivilized
D) stratified according to class

Question 20

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a ______.

A) prejudice
B) stereotype
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) frustration

Question 21

Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez used ______ to bring about institutional and societal change.

A) direct aggression
B) assimilation
C) nonviolent resistance
D) pluralism

Question 22

______ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture, including language and sometimes a separate set of institutions.

A) Pluralism
B) Assimilation
C) Transnationalism
D) Genocide

Question 23

The idea that "sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality" is the central idea of ______.

A) preference policies
B) privilege policies
C) cultural relativism
D) strict affirmative action policies

Question 24

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the societal level?

A) global political pressures
B) education reform
C) positive contact
D) therapy

Question 25

Comedians like Dave Chappelle, who use their art to make satirical commentary about race relations in the United States, use which of the following strategies of minority groups to deal with discrimination and prejudice?

A) indirect aggression
B) direct aggression
C) indirect assimilation
D) direct assimilation

Question 26

Carolyn, the CEO of a major investment firm, is being sued by a former employee who claims that the company does nothing to prevent racism and discrimination at the small-group level. Which of the following programs would decrease levels of racism and discrimination at the small-group level?

A) Firing all minority employees to avoid future lawsuits
B) Hiring more minority employees and creating opportunities for them to mingle with nonminority employees
C) Starting a human rights movement
D) Enrolling all employees in tolerance education programs

Question 27

The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations?

A) structural-functional
B) frustration-aggression
C) symbolic interaction
D) split labor market

Question 28

A ______ is a requirement that employers hire a certain percentage of minorities.

A) preference policy
B) strict affirmative action policy
C) quota system
D) privilege policy

Question 29

Jordan feels that his dark, long hair causes many of his classmates to label him as a minority group member. In an effort to blend in with his peers, Jordan dyes his hair blond and cuts it very close to his scalp. Jordan exhibited which of the following reactions to being discriminated against because of his perceived minority group status?

A) assimilation
B) acceptance
C) avoidance
D) aggression

Question 30

There is no clear biological or genetic difference between different racial groups.

Question 31

Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structural-functional theorists?

A) Hostilities between groups create social change.
B) The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs, largely unattractive to the majority of society.
C) Minority groups provide a target for frustrations.
D) Ethnic conflicts establish the dominant group.

Question 32

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to ______.

A) pluralism
B) cultural relativism
C) transnationalism
D) assimilation

Question 33

The term minority group is used to denote a group that is the statistical minority in a society or culture.

Question 34

Which of the following is a necessity to have pluralism in a society?

A) a numerically large minority group
B) a social class stratification system
C) legal protection of distinct group(s)
D) one clear minority group and one clear dominant group

Question 35

In 2012, almost 1 in 5 Americans under 18 were identified with two or more races.

Question 36

Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the childcare provider for her family and has little desire to change the structure of her family. Ting exhibits which of the following reactions to belonging to a discriminated-against minority group?

A) assimilation
B) acceptance
C) avoidance
D) aggression

Question 37

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy for dealing with prejudice and discrimination?

A) avoidance
B) aggression
C) assimilation
D) acceptance

Question 38

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the group level?

A) human rights movements
B) education reforms
C) positive contact
D) counseling and individual tolerance education programs

Question 39

The term dominant group refers to a numerical majority.

Question 40

Today, slavery only exists in poor countries.

Question 41

Assimilation is more likely to occur when the minority group is culturally similar to the dominant group.

Question 42

Those who have a color-blind perspective on race do not notice the invisible privileges of Whites in U.S. society.

Question 43

Side-effect discrimination is a form of unintentional discrimination.

Question 44

Institutional discrimination cannot exist in the normal or routine ways an organization operates.

Question 45

According to frustration-aggression theory, people rarely displace their frustration by attacking irresponsible parties.

Question 46

According to frustration-aggression theory, many of the perpetrators of racist acts feel angry because they cannot achieve their work or other goals.

Question 47

Preference policies are based on the concept of equity-the belief that sometimes people must be treated differently in order to be treated fairly.

Question 48

The definition of Blackness in the United States has always been that an individual is Black if at least one or more of the person's parents is Black.

Question 49

Prior to the United Nations' attempt to define race in the 1970s, there had been no scientific inquiry into the construction of race.

Question 50

The forced movement of Native Americans to reservations in the United States is an example of pluralism.

Question 51

According to most sociologists, race is a social construct that can change with conditions in a country.

Question 52

African American men in the United States have earning levels equal to White men with similar occupations.

Question 53

A prejudice is an action that one individual directs toward another individual.

Question 54

Strict affirmative action, in its simplest and original form, involves taking affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintentional discrimination does not occur.

Question 55

Durkheim divided social inequalities into internal (based on people's natural abilities) and external (those forced upon people).

Question 56

Sociologists Without Borders, or SSF (Sociólogos Sin Fronteras), is an organization committed to the idea that "some people have equal rights to political and legal protections, to socioeconomic security, to self-determination, and to their personality."

Question 57

Racial groups are defined by the same characteristics as ethnic groups.

Question 58

According to conflict theory, creating a "lesser" group protects the dominant group's advantages.

Question 59

Promoters of the color-blind ideology maintain that we should all act as though we are "color-blind" when it comes to race and avoid the topic in personal interactions.

Question 60

Hispanics are currently the largest minority ethnic group in the United States.

Question 61

What are the three policies associated with affirmative action, and how do they differ?

Question 62

List and briefly discuss the four reactions minority group members commonly have to their status in society.

Question 63

Cultural beliefs, including prejudice and discrimination, are passed on from generation to generation through cultural transmission.

Question 64

Compare and contrast side-effect and past-in-present discrimination. Provide an example of each.

Question 65

The global human rights movement is a macro-level policy directed at improving dominant and minority group relations worldwide.

Question 66

Define subjugation. Then list and define the various forms of subjugation present in society.

Question 67

List and discuss the five factors that characterize minority groups and their relations with dominant groups in society. Provide examples.

Question 68

From the conflict perspective, maintaining a cheap pool of laborers serves several purposes for society.

Question 69

The courts have largely upheld quota systems when challenged.

Question 70

Unstructured group contact has been found to break down stereotypes and fears.

Question 71

According to the text, people with higher levels of education are more likely to avoid contact with those who are different from themselves.

Question 72

In strict affirmative action policies, after making an effort to seek a diverse applicant pool, employers are expected to hire the most qualified candidate who applies for the position.

Question 73

Compare and contrast the basic definitions of prejudice and discrimination. Provide an example of each.

Question 74

Split labor market theory is a branch of the structural-functionalist perspective.

Question 75

Displaced aggression involves hostilities directed toward individuals or groups other than the dominant group.

Question 76

The United Nations and privately funded advocacy groups speak up for international human rights as a principle that transcends national boundaries.

Question 77

Compare and contrast assimilation and pluralism. Provide an example of each.

Question 78

Keala, a Native Hawaiian, was admitted to a prestigious university, even though his SAT scores, GPA, and letters of recommendation were not strong enough to warrant his admission. Keala was admitted based on a preference policy with a bias in favor of Native Hawaiians.

Question 79

Stephen Colbert claims to "not see race," yet he argues against many affirmative action policies and racial equality and for big business. What type of ideology is he satirizing?

Question 80

List and briefly discuss the two costs of racism presented in the text.