Deck 9: Gender Stratification: Shehewho Goes First

Question 1

Social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility are known as the ______.

A) glass ceiling
B) sticky floor
C) glass escalator
D) sticky elevator

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to most sociologists, gender roles are all of the following EXCEPT:

A) socially constructed.
B) created by human beings.
C) designed to meet the needs of each society.
D) biologically determined

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is the clearest example of childhood gender socialization?

A) taking children on a trip to Disneyworld
B) not allowing girls to play in the mud because girls are not supposed to get dirty
C) encouraging children to do math
D) reading a story to one's son

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the text, young boys learn "the boy code" from parents, siblings, peers, and teachers, which encourages all of the following EXCEPT:

A) stoic behavior.
B) extreme daring, bravado, attraction to violence.
C) expressing vulnerable emotions.
D) wearing a mask of coolness.

Question 5

Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs are known as the ______.

A) glass ceiling
B) sticky floor
C) glass escalator
D) sticky elevator

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

A) A man refuses to offer an older woman his seat on the bus.
B) Women are expected to change their names when they marry and questioned if they do not.
C) Two women are fired because their employer hates the fact that they are pregnant.
D) Sarah earns less money than Paul for doing the exact same job.

Question 7

According to the text, women hold what percentage of top corporate jobs?

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the selection of names for children is true?

A) Girls are more often given strong, hard names that end in consonants.
B) Boys' names are given to girls only when the names are feminized.
C) A name that is traditionally for males may, for a time, be given to either sex, then preferred for girls.
D) none of these

Question 9

A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women is ______.

A) gender
B) sex
C) sexuality
D) sexual orientation

Question 10

Based on the work that has been done in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women?

A) By encouraging proportional representation
B) By becoming a more patriarchal culture
C) By ending all quota and affirmative action systems
D) By discouraging women from applying for lower level offices

Question 11

Which of the following statements about gender and the mass media is false?

A) Video games that dehumanize women teach and perpetuate stereotypes about women.
B) Most of the smart, confident, and brave women depicted in media are also thin and have large breasts.
C) Women in soap operas and ads are often depicted as having problems in carrying out their role responsibilities.
D) Women who are quite large or obese are almost entirely depicted as positive role models.

Question 12

The term ______ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender."

A) intersexed
B) gender identity
C) transgender
D) transvestite

Question 13

In which of the following ways are women and girls portrayed in many children's books?

A) working in the workplace
B) engaging in active play
C) helping fathers and brothers
D) being strong and assertive

Question 14

The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is ______.

A) gender role behavior
B) sex role development
C) gender identification
D) gender role socialization

Question 15

Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men who started the job at the same time as she did, have been promoted several levels while she has only received one promotion. Irene may be experiencing ______.

A) the glass ceiling
B) the sticky floor
C) the glass escalator
D) gender scapegoating

Question 16

Which of the following statements about gender roles is false?

A) Gender roles are socially constructed.
B) Gender roles are designed to meet the needs of each society.
C) Gender roles are created by human beings.
D) Gender roles are the same throughout the world.

Question 17

The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called ______.

A) sex
B) gender identity
C) sex status
D) sexuality

Question 18

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate?

A) sexual expectations
B) gender identity
C) gender roles
D) sexual orientation

Question 19

About 2% of babies are born with "anomalies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" and are otherwise known as ______.

A) transgendered
B) intersexed
C) transvestites
D) multisexed

Question 20

Which country has the lowest percentage of women in national politics?

A) Denmark
B) Norway
C) the United States
D) Rwanda

Question 21

Sociologists argue that gender identity is learned and created.

Question 22

The statement, "By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources," most closely reflects ______.

A) symbolic interaction theory
B) conflict theory
C) structural-functional theory
D) rational choice theory

Question 23

How we experience our bodies individually and in relation to others is known as sexuality.

Question 24

According to a recent study of 26 nations, the United States ranked ______ for women's employment conditions.

A) first
B) second
C) 12th
D) 17th

Question 25

Gender norms differ across nations. Which of the following statements about gender inequality is false?

A) In some countries, a fetus may be aborted if it is found to be a girl.
B) High heels are designed to limit female mobility.
C) Most modern gender stratification is not intentional.
D) Men are more likely to complete degrees in higher education.

Question 26

Which of the following is false about media?

A) Films in the United States seldom feature older women.
B) Girls are the primary users of visually oriented social media platforms.
C) For teen boys video games are key elements to friendship.
D) Films in the United States frequently feature older women.

Question 27

The statement, "Gender is socially constructed," is a tenet of which sociological theory?

A) structural-functional
B) conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) feminist

Question 28

Women now represent 52.2% of the U.S. PhDs (Council of Graduate Schools, 2014) and 67% of college graduates, but they earn only about ______ cents for every dollar earned by men.

A) 67
B) 70
C) 79
D) 90

Question 29

The statement, "Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles," most closely reflects ______.

A) feminist theory
B) symbolic interaction theory
C) structural-functional theory
D) conflict theory

Question 30

The statement, "Patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression," is a tenet of which sociological theory?

A) structural-functionalist
B) world systems
C) symbolic interactionist
D) feminist

Question 31

About 10% of babies are born with ambiguous genitalia.

Question 32

Persons with ambiguous genitalia are known as bisexual.

Question 33

The statement, "Each sex plays a complementary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society," is a tenet of which sociological theory?

A) structural-functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) feminist

Question 34

______ focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle.

A) Homophobia
B) Heterosexism
C) Heterophobia
D) Xenophobia

Question 35

Zari is a successful lawyer who has a 5-year-old daughter. Since her daughter entered school, Zari's career has suffered. Zari was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, demands that Zari pick up her daughter from school when she is ill, and Zari's boss expects her to never leave work. The nurse refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing ______.

A) intentional discrimination
B) side-effect discrimination
C) past-in-present discrimination
D) ethnocentric discrimination

Question 36

Jackson's professor said, "Without a doubt, humans are affected by society and are able to affect society." His professor just explained the principle of ______.

A) reactionism
B) homophobia
C) human agency
D) social ignorance

Question 37

Puja decides to make a change and cut her hair very short. To maintain her feminine look, she wears a dress, big earrings, and lots of make-up. Puja is ______.

A) naturalizing
B) passing for female
C) doing sex
D) doing gender

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Homophobia highly correlates with a belief in traditional gender roles.
B) Homosexuality is a privileged status in society.
C) Homophobia is a result of modernization.
D) Homosexuality is a recent phenomenon.

Question 39

______ are interested in how physical differences between men and women come to be symbols that result in different social rights and rewards.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Functionalists
C) Interactionists
D) Exchange theorists

Question 40

If women are paid less than men, despite the same levels of education, they are less likely to have access to the best health care or to be able to afford a $40,000 down payment for a house, unless they are married. This is an example of ______.

A) side-effect discrimination
B) past-in-present discrimination
C) Jim Crow discrimination
D) poor career choices

Question 41

As adults, the roles we play in various social institutions depend greatly on our sex and age.

Question 42

Title IX is a law that ensures equality for women in the workplace.

Question 43

The Internet is a way to break down gender barriers because women and men use it in equal amounts and in equal ways.

Question 44

Many major religious groups have added modern branches in addition to their traditional and fundamentalist groups.

Question 45

Northern European countries are world leaders when it comes to gender equity in government.

Question 46

According to the text, the nation with the highest percentage of women in the national parliament or congress is Denmark.

Question 47

Every workplace with women has a gendered configuration.

Question 48

Women are never privileged in micro-level interactions.

Question 49

The fact that the only female in a boardroom is almost always expected to make coffee, even if she is a high-level executive, is a form of institutionalized gender discrimination.

Question 50

Some workplaces accommodate family needs, but many do not.

Question 51

In the United States, women are using the Internet to reinforce their private lives, and men are using the Internet to engage in the public sphere.

Question 52

In 2015, there were only seven (of roughly a hundred) major commercial films that were directed by women.

Question 53

According to recent studies, girls perform less well than boys in the field of math.

Question 54

According to the text, women's athletic programs and scholarship opportunities have now surpassed those of men.

Question 55

According to the text, toys and games prepare children through anticipatory socialization for future gender roles.

Question 56

Cross-national comparisons indicate that Germany, the United States, and Australia have the best conditions for working women.

Question 57

The gender norms are the same across all cultures.

Question 58

Mass media are major agents of socialization into gender roles.

Question 59

Mary is fired for wearing skirts that are too short to conform to her office dress code. This is a form of institutionalized gender discrimination.

Question 60

Women's reduced power in micro-level settings often relates to their lack of power in meso-level organizations and institutions.

Question 61

Women are considered a minority group.

Question 62

How can men be victims of gender discrimination? Use information from the text in your answer.

Question 63

Media images have little-to-no impact on how we see ourselves.

Question 64

According to the text, how does anticipatory socialization impact future gender roles? Provide examples.

Question 65

From a structural-functional perspective, each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and institutions of society.

Question 66

Name one meso-level agent of socialization that teaches children about normalized gender roles. How does this agent socialize children into masculine or feminine roles?

Question 67

Describe how past-in-present discrimination has affected women. Include concrete examples in your answer.

Question 68

Discuss what gender messages may be transmitted by the toys that girls and boys play with as they are growing up. Give two specific examples.

Question 69

Gender is biological in nature; sex is socially constructed.

Question 70

Define and describe the term sexuality. Provide examples.

Question 71

Describe how side-effect discrimination has affected women. Include concrete examples in your answer.

Question 72

A hunter-gatherer society is most likely held together by organic solidarity.

Question 73

Compare and contrast homophobia and heterosexism. Provide examples.

Question 74

Expressive roles are more expected in the private sphere while instrumental roles are more expected in the public sphere.

Question 75

Discuss the public acceptance of lesbians and gays over the years in the United States. Has it increased or decreased? To what factors can you attribute this?

Question 76

Only radical feminist theories argue for bringing about a new and equal ordering of gender relationships to eliminate the patriarchy and sexism of current gender stratification systems.

Question 77

Compare and contrast gender and sex. Provide one example of each.

Question 78

Thio is a sociologist who is studying the way that female football players construct their gender identities. Thio is likely using conflict theory.

Question 79

What is doing gender? Name and explain one instance in which you or a close friend did gender.

Question 80

Ideas about sex, gender, and appropriate roles for women and men not only transform over time, but also vary a great deal from one society to the other.