Deck 8: Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Where does the synthesis of pyruvate occur during glycolysis?

A)inner membrane
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondrial matrix
D)intermembrane compartment
E)fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which kind of metabolic poison would interfere with glycolysis?

A)an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
B)an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it
C)an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not capable of being metabolized
D)an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+
E)an agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl coenzyme A

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The end product of glycolysis is:

A)two pyruvate molecules.
B)two citric acid molecules.
C)one G3P molecule.
D)one lactate molecule.
E)two NAD+ molecules.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is:

A)respiration.
B)fermentation.
C)exergonic.
D)endergonic.

Question 5

At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form:

A)six molecules of carbon dioxide.
B)two molecules of NADH.
C)two molecules of pyruvate.
D)two molecules of citric acid.
E)two molecules of fructose.

Question 6

All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is:

A)a short-term energy-storage compound.
B)the cell's principal compound for energy transfers.
C)synthesized only within mitochondria.
D)the molecule that all living cells rely on to do work.

Question 7

If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, then pyruvate:

A)immediately enters the Krebs cycle.
B)is converted by fermentation to CO2 and ethanol or to lactate.
C)is converted back to fructose until the concentration of oxygen increases.
D)leaves the fluid portion of the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix.
E)is converted to NADH.

Question 8

For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they shift from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must:

A)increase the rate of the Krebs cycle.
B)produce more ATP per molecule of glucose during glycolysis.
C)produce ATP using NADH.
D)increase the rate of the electron transport chain.
E)increase the rate of glycolysis-based reactions.

Question 9

If no oxygen is available to a cell, then the net ATP production resulting from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is:

A)no ATP.
B)one ATP molecule.
C)two ATP molecules.
D)34 or 36 ATP molecules.
E)34 or 38 ATP molecules.

Question 10

During glycolysis, "glucose activation" refers to the:

A)net gain of four ATP molecules.
B)net gain of two ATP molecules.
C)use of two ATP molecules to make one fructose bisphosphate molecule.
D)splitting of fructose bisphosphate into two G3P molecules.
E)conversion of two G3P molecules to two pyruvate molecules.

Question 11

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule?

A)two
B)four
C)34
D)36
E)38

Question 12

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called:

A)fermentation.
B)cellular respiration.
C)phosphorylation.
D)chemiosmosis.
E)the Krebs cycle.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE of glycolysis when followed by fermentation?

A)It produces a net gain of ATP.
B)It produces a net gain of NADPH.
C)It is an aerobic process.
D)It can be performed only by bacteria.
E)It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

Question 14

The main function of cellular respiration is to produce:

A)CO2.
B)glucose.
C)ATP.
D)NADH and FADH2.

Question 15

What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?

A)pyruvate
B)G3P
C)acetyl CoA
D)fructose
E)NADPH

Question 16

During glycolysis, two ATP molecules are "spent" in order to convert glucose to the highly reactive molecule:

A)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
B)FADH2.
C)NADH.
D)fructose bisphosphate.
E)pyruvate.

Question 17

During cellular respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is:

A)transported out of the mitochondria.
B)broken down to O2 and hydrogen.
C)the source of electrons for NADH and FADH2.
D)converted to lactate or ethanol.

Question 18

Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?

A)Krebs cycle
B)electron transport
C)chemiosmosis
D)acetyl CoA formation
E)glycolysis

Question 19

The products of glycolysis are:

A)ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
B)ATP, NADH, pyruvate, and FADH2.
C)ATP, NADH, and acetyl CoA.
D)ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
E)ATP and pyruvate only.

Question 20

In cells, ________ of the chemical energy in a metabolized glucose molecule is used for ATP production and the rest is released as heat.

A)less than 1%
B)25%
C)40%
D)more than 90%

Question 21

Chemiosmosis in mitochondria directly results in the synthesis of:

A)NADH.
B)FADH2.
C)H2O.
D)acetyl CoA.
E)ATP.

Question 22

Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen:

A)combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
B)combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide.
C)combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose.
D)reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water.
E)combines with electrons to form CO2.

Question 23

From the beginning of glycolysis to the end of the Krebs cycle, what has the cell gained from the breakdown of each molecule of glucose?

A)two molecules of pyruvate
B)four molecules of ATP, 10 of NADH, and two of FADH2
C)two molecules of ATP and six of NADH
D)two molecules of ATP, four of NADH, and two of FADH2
E)two molecules of ATP, lactate, and NAD+

Question 24

Which of the following most closely matches the correct order of the main events of cellular respiration?

A)glycolysis, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, major ATP production, ETC
B)glycolysis, major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, ETC, Krebs cycle
C)glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production
D)Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production, glycolysis
E)major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, ETC

Question 25

In the mitochondrial matrix, oxygen combines with ________ to form ________.

A)electrons only; water
B)hydrogen ions only; water
C)electrons and hydrogen ions; water
D)carbon only; CO2
E)electrons and carbon; CO2

Question 26

If ATP is made in the mitochondria, how does it provide energy for reactions in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A)ATP is pumped out from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the cytoplasm.
B)ATP diffuses out of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm.
C)ATP is used to make glucose, which is transported to the cytoplasm.
D)The energy in ATP is converted to NADH, which travels to the cytoplasm.
E)ATP is converted to ADP, which is transported to the cytoplasm and converted back to ATP.

Question 27

The products of the Krebs cycle include:

A)ATP only.
B)carbon dioxide only.
C)energy carriers only.
D)carbon dioxide and energy carriers only.
E)ATP, carbon dioxide, and energy carriers.

Question 28

How many CO2 molecules are generated from each pyruvate that enters the mitochondria?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Question 29

In the mitochondrial matrix reactions, the original carbons in pyruvate:

A)form the backbone chain of citric acid.
B)form the ring structure of oxaloacetic acid.
C)are incorporated into molecules of NADH and FADH2.
D)end up in molecules of CO2.
E)form glucose.

Question 30

During which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen used?

A)glycolysis
B)fermentation
C)Krebs cycle
D)conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
E)electron transport system

Question 31

In order to be able to continue, each turn of the Krebs cycle must regenerate:

A)acetyl CoA.
B)NADH and FADH2.
C)citrate.
D)pyruvate.
E)ATP.

Question 32

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A)ATP
B)NADH
C)carbon dioxide
D)oxygen
E)FADH2

Question 33

The part of a mitochondrion that structurally compares to the stroma of a chloroplast is the:

A)grana.
B)matrix.
C)thylakoids.
D)inner membrane.
E)outer membrane.

Question 34

The electron transport chain receives electrons directly from:

A)NADH only.
B)FADH2 only.
C)ATP only.
D)NADH and FADH2.
E)NADH and ATP.

Question 35

The step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is:

A)chemiosmosis.
B)the citric acid cycle.
C)glycolysis.
D)lactate fermentation.
E)alcohol fermentation.

Question 36

Some of the CO2 that is exhaled during breathing is created during:

A)glycolysis.
B)the conversion of NADH to NAD+ in the Krebs cycle.
C)the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
D)chemiosmosis.
E)fermentation.

Question 37

Which parts of the mitochondria are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis?

A)matrix only
B)inner membrane only
C)outer membrane only
D)matrix and inner membrane
E)inner and outer membranes

Question 38

We breathe more heavily during exercise because our cells:

A)need more ADP.
B)are producing more CO2.
C)need more glucose.

Question 39

The metabolic breakdown of one molecule of glucose generates the greatest amount of energy during:

A)glycolysis.
B)the Krebs cycle.
C)mitochondrial matrix reactions.
D)fermentation.
E)electron transport.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of an electron-carrier molecule?

A)citric acid
B)CO2
C)acetyl CoA
D)NADH
E)ATP

Question 41

During which of the following processes is CO2 produced?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain

Question 42

Which of the following processes involves ATP-synthesizing enzymes that are associated with hydrogen ion channels?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain

Question 43

During the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is:

A)one molecule.
B)two molecules.
C)three molecules.
D)six molecules.
E)eight molecules.

Question 44

Which step produces the most ATP?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain

Question 45

The inner membrane of the mitochondria can be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast because both contain a system for:

A)enzyme synthesis.
B)pyruvate production.
C)glucose synthesis.
D)anaerobic respiration.
E)electron transport.

Question 46

What is the significance of the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during fermentation?

A)Pyruvate becomes available to enter mitochondrial matrix reactions.
B)The citric acid cycle is initiated.
C)NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis.
D)The oxidation of pyruvate becomes possible.
E)ATP is produced.

Question 47

The term "chemiosmosis" is associated with which process?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain
D)fermentation

Question 48

Which of the following processes involves citric acid?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain

Question 49

After fermentation, lactate is converted to pyruvate in the:

A)bloodstream.
B)liver.
C)muscles.
D)heart.
E)lungs.

Question 50

The insecticide rotenone inhibits one of the steps of the electron transport system in mitochondria. What is a likely immediate result?

A)The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria will increase.
B)The cells will utilize oxygen more rapidly.
C)The rate of the Krebs cycle reactions will increase.
D)Electron transport will increase.
E)The rate of fermentation will increase.

Question 51

In the absence of oxygen, suppose a single yeast cell undergoes fermentation and uses 100 molecules of glucose. How many molecules of ATP will be generated?

A)36
B)100
C)200
D)300
E)400

Question 52

Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

A)Krebs cycle
B)reduction of pyruvate to lactate
C)conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
D)glycolysis
E)electron transport

Question 53

Which of the following processes occurs in a membrane?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain

Question 54

Within a cell undergoing anaerobic metabolism of glucose, fermentation occurs in the:

A)phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
B)stroma of the chloroplast.
C)mitochondrial matrix.
D)fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
E)nucleus.

Question 55

Which of the following processes requires oxygen?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain
D)fermentation

Question 56

In yeast, if the electron transport system is shut down because of a lack of oxygen, glycolysis will probably:

A)shut down.
B)increase.
C)produce more ATP per molecule of glucose.
D)produce more NADH per molecule of glucose.
E)produce more acetyl coenzyme A.

Question 57

Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm?

A)glycolysis
B)the Krebs cycle
C)the electron transport chain

Question 58

During which of the following processes is ATP NOT produced?

A)glycolysis by itself
B)cellular respiration by itself
C)fermentation by itself

Question 59

When oxygen is present:

A)most animal cells utilize aerobic cellular respiration.
B)most animal cells carry on fermentation and produce lactate.
C)most bacteria and yeasts carry on fermentation.
D)two ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule.
E)most animals convert CO2 to glucose.

Question 60

As a bicyclist pedals up a hill to the finish line of a race and "feels the burn" in his leg muscles, those muscle cells are most likely utilizing:

A)only cellular respiration for maximum ATP production.
B)only oxygen for maximum ATP production.
C)some lactate fermentation.
D)both cellular respiration and oxygen for maximum ATP production.

Question 61

Carbon dioxide is considered a waste product of cellular respiration. True or False?

Question 62

Products of the fermentation process include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)carbon dioxide.
B)ethanol.
C)lactate.
D)pyruvate.

Question 63

________ is the process by which hydrogen ions move via a concentration gradient through ATP-synthesizing enzymes, resulting in the production of ATP.

Question 64

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated in the mitochondrial ________ after the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP-synthesizing proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Question 65

In the process of cellular respiration, a molecule of ________ is completely broken down to form ________, ________, and ________.

Question 66

Chemiosmosis links a hydrogen ion gradient to the production of ATP. True or False?

Question 67

The process of fermentation is energetically more efficient than cellular respiration. True or False?

Question 68

Yeast in a bottle of champagne produces ________ and ________.

Question 69

In human muscle cells, fermentation (by itself)produces:

A)lactate.
B)adenosine triphosphate.
C)pyruvate.
D)water.

Question 70

In the cell, more than half of the energy produced by the metabolic breakdown of glucose is released as ________ and the remaining energy is stored in ________.

Question 71

________ is a series of reactions, occurring under aerobic conditions, in which large amounts of ATP are produced.

Question 72

How does one account for the bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne?

A)Bubbles of CO2, produced by aerobic respiration in yeast cells, were trapped in the beverage at bottling.
B)Lactate fermentation accounts for the bubbles.
C)Bubbles of CO2 were produced by yeast during anaerobic metabolism and were trapped in the bottle.
D)The bubbles are simply air bubbles resulting from the brewing process.
E)Bubbles of CO2 were formed by the yeast cells during glycolysis.

Question 73

The conversion of glucose to lactate is a form of ________.

Question 74

The organelles responsible for the bulk of ATP production via cellular respiration are the ________.

Question 75

________ is the first stage in glucose metabolism and does not require oxygen.

Question 76

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle reactions occur in the mitochondria. True or False?

Question 77

In vertebrate animal cells, where does the synthesis of lactate occur?

A)fluid portion of the cytoplasm
B)surface of ribosomes
C)mitochondrial matrix
D)mitochondrial inner membranes
E)nucleus

Question 78

Briefly compare and contrast the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Question 79

How do fatigued human muscle cells repay an "oxygen debt"?

A)The cells produce more oxygen.
B)The cells convert glucose to pyruvate.
C)The cells increase production of ATP.
D)The cells decrease CO2 production.
E)The cells convert lactate back to pyruvate.

Question 80

Two possible end products of fermentation are ________ (as is produced by our muscle cells under anaerobic conditions)and ________ (as is produced by yeast under anaerobic conditions).