Deck 43: Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Transport

Question 1

You are not likely to find a nucleus in:

A)parenchyma.
B)collenchyma.
C)sclerenchyma.
D)companion cells.
E)tracheids.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following are major functions of roots EXCEPT:

A)producing some hormones.
B)transporting water and minerals.
C)storing excess sugars.
D)interacting with soil fungi.
E)carrying out photosynthesis.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A plant that has only primary growth and no secondary growth does NOT have any:

A)stem elongation.
B)expansion of its root system.
C)vascular tissue.
D)development of thick woody branches.
E)flowers.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

You are examining a rigid plant tissue; it does not flex or bend. Tests show that it is not consuming oxygen gas, as would be expected if aerobic respiration were occurring. This tissue is probably:

A)sclerenchyma.
B)primary.
C)collenchyma.
D)parenchyma.
E)ground.

Question 5

As a 7-year-old child, you helped your father nail a birdhouse 7 feet high on a 10-foot-tall maple tree. If the tree grew an average of 12 inches per year, except during a dry year when it grew only 2 inches, how high in the tree is the birdhouse when you are 18 years old?

A)17 feet
B)17 feet, 2 inches
C)7 feet
D)19 feet
E)10 feet

Question 6

The flowering plants are commonly called:

A)angiosperms.
B)gymnosperms.
C)florasperms.
D)anthocyanins.

Question 7

What cell type permits the continued growth of a plant throughout its life?

A)differentiated cells
B)ground tissue cells
C)meristem cells
D)mesophyll cells
E)secondary cells

Question 8

Dermal tissue forms:

A)vascular tissue.
B)pith.
C)xylem.
D)epidermis.
E)seeds.

Question 9

Where are apical meristems located?

A)scattered throughout the plant
B)in cylinders along the side of the root
C)between the xylem and the phloem
D)in clusters in the parenchyma
E)at the ends of the roots and stems

Question 10

You discover a plant that has unusual fruit around the seed and leaves with parallel veins. In which of the two major groups of flowering plants does it belong, and why?

A)monocots, because it has parallel veins
B)neither monocot nor dicot, because it has fruits
C)either monocot or dicot, depending on the presence or absence of flowers
D)dicots, because it has fruit around the seed

Question 11

________ cells that convert sugar to starch in mature roots are part of the ________ tissue system.

A)Phloem; vascular
B)Periderm; dermal
C)Xylem; vascular
D)Parenchyma; ground
E)Companion; ground

Question 12

Plant cells that are actively dividing are ________ cells.

A)differentiated
B)conducting
C)vascular
D)ground
E)meristem

Question 13

Water-conducting cells that are narrow and have small central cavities are called:

A)vessel elements.
B)tracheids.
C)sieve-tube elements.
D)companion cells.
E)collenchyma.

Question 14

Cells that are alive, have thickened cell walls, and support the plant body are:

A)parenchyma.
B)sclerenchyma.
C)phloem.
D)collenchyma.
E)vessel members.

Question 15

What type of cell activity occurs in the meristem regions of plants?

A)mitosis
B)secondary growth
C)photosynthesis
D)increased water uptake of cells
E)storage of sugar

Question 16

Increases in plant length (such as overall height or branch and root length)result from cell division that occurs:

A)equally throughout the plant body.
B)only in apical meristems at shoot and root tips.
C)only from lateral meristems (cambia).
D)from cell division of differentiated cells.

Question 17

Which of these tissue types is/are found throughout young plant bodies?

A)epidermis only
B)periderm only
C)vascular only
D)epidermis and periderm
E)epidermis and vascular

Question 18

Which of the following characteristics helps differentiate between a monocot and a dicot?

A)presence of vascular tissue
B)seeds covered by a fruit
C)number of flower parts
D)whether the plant gains length from an apical or a lateral meristem
E)presence or absence of pollen grains

Question 19

Which of these plant structures is composed of meristem tissue?

A)cortex
B)root cap
C)cambium
D)parenchyma
E)xylem

Question 20

Which of the following is plant tissue derived from a lateral meristem?

A)flower bud
B)leaf bud
C)stem branch
D)bark
E)primary xylem

Question 21

The soft, thin-walled, living ground tissue cells that make up most of a leaf such as lettuce are:

A)collenchyma.
B)xylem.
C)sclerenchyma.
D)phloem.
E)parenchyma.

Question 22

What type of tissue transports sugars (the product of photosynthesis)to the rest of the plant?

A)xylem
B)mesophyll
C)phloem
D)parenchyma
E)endodermis

Question 23

All the following are TRUE of companion cells EXCEPT that they:

A)fuse together to form the sieve plates of sieve-tube elements.
B)provide direct nourishment for sieve-tube elements.
C)regulate the movement of sugar into and out of sieve-tube elements.
D)repair the plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements.
E)are connected to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata.

Question 24

Most conifers have only tracheids. Which structural feature allows water and minerals to pass from one tracheid to the next tracheid?

A)sieve plates
B)secondary cell walls
C)pits
D)stomata
E)plasmodesmata

Question 25

Since most of the trunk of a tree is made of xylem cells, it is safe to say that most of the tissue in a tree is:

A)dividing rapidly.
B)used for storage.
C)manufacturing sugars.
D)conducting sugars.
E)dead.

Question 26

Parenchyma cells are located in all of the following structures EXCEPT the:

A)cortex.
B)central cylinder.
C)mesophyll.
D)pith.
E)cuticle.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT true of sclerenchyma?

A)It is found in both xylem and phloem.
B)It is dead at maturity.
C)It is made up of cells with thickened cell walls.
D)It provides support to strengthen the plant.
E)It is a storage site for sugars and starches.

Question 28

Of the major tissue systems associated with land plants, the ________ system covers the outer surface of the primary plant.

A)ground
B)meristem
C)dermal
D)vascular
E)parenchyma

Question 29

How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?

A)CO2 passes through openings called stomata on the leaf surface.
B)CO2 diffuses through the epidermal cells into the mesophyll.
C)CO2 is moved by active transport into the leaf by special cells called guard cells.
D)Atmospheric pressure forces CO2 through pits on the leaf surface.
E)CO2 travels dissolved in the water in the xylem.

Question 30

In vascular plants, sugar solutions are transported through tubes constructed of cells called:

A)vessels elements.
B)companion cells.
C)tracheids.
D)sieve-tube elements.
E)parenchyma.

Question 31

Of the types of ground tissues, ________ is/are generally most abundant.

A)parenchyma
B)sclerenchyma
C)collenchyma
D)tracheids
E)vessel elements

Question 32

In a dicot stem, the ________ is between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

A)vascular cambium
B)vascular cylinder
C)xylem
D)phloem
E)cork

Question 33

Which of these plant cells is alive but has no nucleus?

A)companion cell
B)parenchyma
C)sieve-tube element
D)vessel element
E)collenchyma

Question 34

The formation of sieve plates between phloem sieve-tube elements allows:

A)the dead phloem cells to form an empty tube.
B)each cell to function independently.
C)mesophyll cells to connect with xylem cells.
D)water to transpire from each surface.
E)adjacent cells to connect via membrane-lined channels.

Question 35

All the following are TRUE of xylem EXCEPT:

A)tracheids and vessel elements are the two types of cells that form xylem.
B)water and minerals are transported through xylem.
C)companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids.
D)tracheids contain pits.
E)at maturity xylem is dead.

Question 36

An onion bulb is made up of ________ that are specially adapted for food storage.

A)roots
B)flowers
C)leaves
D)stems
E)branches

Question 37

Thin-walled, metabolically active cells of parenchyma typically form:

A)phloem.
B)xylem.
C)cork.
D)ground tissue.
E)epidermis.

Question 38

Periderm consists of mostly:

A)epidermis.
B)cork cells.
C)lateral meristem.
D)undifferentiated cells.
E)endodermis.

Question 39

In the stems of plants, where is sugar converted to starch and the starch stored as a food reserve?

A)mesophyll layer
B)central vascular cylinder
C)sclerenchyma
D)parenchyma cells in both the cortex and pith
E)collenchyma associated with xylem cells

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT found in xylem?

A)tracheids
B)sclerenchyma fibers
C)companion cells
D)vessel elements
E)end walls with pits

Question 41

Which of these pathways BEST summarizes the route of a mineral that is absorbed by a plant?

A)root hairs → pericycle → endodermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem
B)root hairs → epidermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem
C)root hairs → endodermis → cortex → pericycle → xylem
D)root hairs → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem
E)root hairs → cortex → epidermis → phloem → xylem

Question 42

The location of the pericyle is best described as:

A)the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder.
B)just beneath the epidermis.
C)adjacent to the apical meristem.
D)between layers of primary xylem and primary phloem.
E)lining the cells of the endodermis.

Question 43

Mycorrhizae are associated with a plant's:

A)leaf.
B)stem.
C)root.
D)flower.
E)seed.

Question 44

Which of the following makes up most of an old tree trunk?

A)primary xylem
B)secondary xylem
C)primary phloem
D)secondary phloem
E)meristem tissue

Question 45

Root hairs develop from the:

A)cortex.
B)endodermis.
C)Casparian strip.
D)epidermis.
E)pericycle.

Question 46

Water and minerals are mainly absorbed through the:

A)root cap.
B)apical meristem.
C)lateral branch buds.
D)epidermis of large woody roots.
E)root hairs.

Question 47

Which of the following is the correct order of the tissues in a young dicot stem, from the center out?

A)pithcortexphloemxylemvascular cambiumepidermis
B)pithphloemcortexxylemvascular cambiumepidermis
C)cortexvascular cambiumxylemphloemepidermispith
D)cortexxylemvascular cambiumphloempithepidermis
E)pithxylemvascular cambiumphloemcortexepidermis

Question 48

Most of a carrot, a root adapted for carbohydrate storage, is:

A)phloem.
B)xylem.
C)cortex.
D)endodermis.
E)pericycle.

Question 49

Under the influence of hormones, branch roots emerge from the ________ of a growing root.

A)endodermis
B)pericycle
C)central cylinder
D)epidermis
E)Casparian strip

Question 50

All of the following are part of a plant's shoot system EXCEPT:

A)stem.
B)buds.
C)mycorrhizae.
D)leaves.
E)flowers.

Question 51

On the tip of the root, the apical meristem forms the ________, which prevents the meristem from being worn away as it pushes through the soil.

A)cortex
B)epidermis
C)endodermis
D)root cap
E)pericycle

Question 52

What are plasmodesmata?

A)root hairs that are adapted for mineral transport
B)organelles that manufacture ATP in roots
C)transport channels for sugars
D)nutrients that can be used only by plants
E)pores that allow small molecules to pass among neighboring cells

Question 53

Many root epidermal cells grow projections called ________, which extend from their surface and help in the absorption of water and minerals.

A)root hairs
B)villi
C)cilia
D)rhizoids
E)rhizomes

Question 54

If a tree's heartwood rots out, the tree will:

A)be weaker than normal and more likely to blow over in a storm.
B)not survive because the active phloem is destroyed.
C)not survive because the active xylem is destroyed.
D)replace the heartwood with sapwood to compensate for the damaged tissue.

Question 55

If a beaver eats the bark all the way around a tree trunk (a process called "girdling"), why does the tree die?

A)The tree is susceptible to insect and fungal diseases.
B)The phloem is damaged, and the transport of sugars ceases.
C)Cells of the lateral meristem can no longer continue to divide.
D)Water and minerals are no longer supplied to the leaves.
E)The tree cannot continue to photosynthesize.

Question 56

Examination of a woody stem reveals that some tissues are dead at maturity. These dead tissues are:

A)cork and heartwood.
B)sapwood and bark.
C)vascular cambium and young phloem.
D)xylem and phloem.
E)epidermis and periderm.

Question 57

As an oak tree ages, the trunk becomes thicker and woodier due to ________ growth.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)meristem
E)differentiated

Question 58

Diffusion doesn't require energy. Why do plants expend energy in active transport to transport minerals into root hairs?

A)Mineral concentrations in the soil are too low for diffusion.
B)Mineral concentrations in the soil are too high for diffusion.
C)Minerals are too large for diffusion.
D)Minerals are strongly attracted to soil particles.

Question 59

Which of these tissues is between the epidermis and the vascular bundle in a young dicot stem?

A)pith
B)xylem
C)cortex
D)phloem
E)ground tissue

Question 60

You discovered an unidentified weed and cut it almost to the ground with the lawn mower. Soon it was as tall as it was before you cut it. This growth is likely due to which growth region?

A)shoot apical meristem
B)lateral bud
C)root apical meristem
D)vascular cambium
E)cork cambium

Question 61

Trees are among the largest and oldest living things on Earth. Like all life on Earth, the majority of a tree's biomass is carbon based. What is the source of this carbon?

A)water
B)crushed rock and water
C)the organic layer of the soil
D)air
E)fertilizers

Question 62

Why can't plants use N2 directly as a nutrient?

A)Plants lack the enzymes necessary to convert N2 into NO3- or NH4+.
B)Plant hormones are not capable of carrying out nitrogen fixation.
C)Most soils are depleted of N2 as a nutrient.
D)N2 diffuses out of leaves as quickly as it diffuses in, so it has to be "fixed" to remain in leaves.
E)The N2 molecule is too large to enter the root hairs.

Question 63

What would happen if water and minerals could pass between endodermal cells rather than through the endodermal cells of a plant root?

A)An increased concentration gradient of the minerals in the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder would be better maintained.
B)Too much energy would be needed to move the minerals between endodermal cells.
C)The minerals would enter the conduction vessels of the vascular cylinder much more rapidly.
D)Minerals would leak back out of the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder as fast as they were pumped into it.
E)Root hairs would lose their ability to take up minerals.

Question 64

In the cohesiontension theory, "cohesion" refers to the:

A)tendency of water molecules to be attracted to minerals in the water.
B)process of osmosis that pulls water into the root.
C)evaporation of water from the stomata of the leaf.
D)use of water in photosynthesis, resulting in a shortage of water in the leaf.
E)attraction of water molecules for one another.

Question 65

Which of the following bonds explains the cohesion of water molecules in the cohesiontension theory?

A)complete covalent
B)hydrogen
C)ionic
D)peptide
E)disulfide

Question 66

Which of these organisms helped biologists determine the contents of phloem?

A)ants
B)leafhoppers
C)aphids
D)termites
E)grasshoppers

Question 67

Ground tissue is found in the primary plant only (never in the secondary plant). True or False?

Question 68

Water loss through the stomata of leaves is called:

A)transpiration.
B)translocation.
C)guttation.
D)osmosis.
E)bulk flow.

Question 69

Mycorrhizae are:

A)commensal relationships between a fungus and the leaves of a land plant.
B)parasitic relationships between bacteria and the roots of a land plant.
C)mutualistic relationships between a fungus and an alga.
D)symbiotic relationships between a fungus and the roots of a land plant.
E)symbiotic relationships between bacteria and the roots of a land plant.

Question 70

Which essential plant nutrient regulates the opening and closing of pores in the leaves?

A)potassium
B)calcium
C)copper
D)phosphorus
E)iron

Question 71

What cellular feature allows a mineral such as manganese to diffuse from cell to cell after being taken up by roots?

A)plasmodesmata
B)secondary cell walls
C)sieve plates
D)microtubules
E)microfilaments

Question 72

Tree roots are a ________ of sugars in spring and a ________ in the fall.

A)source; sink
B)sink; source
C)sink; sink
D)source; source

Question 73

A plant, by opening and closing its stomata, must achieve a balance between:

A)oxygen loss and water uptake.
B)carbon dioxide loss and sugar uptake.
C)water loss and carbon dioxide uptake.
D)sugar loss and oxygen uptake.
E)carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen loss.

Question 74

In the summer, when plants are storing sugar that is being produced in their leaves and roots, the root is the ________ and the leaves are the ________.

A)xylem source; xylem sink
B)xylem sink; xylem source
C)phloem source; phloem sink
D)phloem sink; phloem source
E)xylem source; phloem sink

Question 75

The ________ theory explains the movement of water and minerals through xylem.

A)pressure-flow theory
B)translocation theory
C)bulk-flow theory
D)cohesiontension theory
E)assisted diffusion theory

Question 76

The concentration of nutrients in plants is approximately the same as the concentration of nutrients in the surrounding soil. True or False?

Question 77

When potassium ion is transported into guard cells, water:

A)is actively transported out of the cells.
B)is actively transported into the cells.
C)leaves by osmosis.
D)enters by osmosis.
E)moves to the edge of the cell.

Question 78

The most widely accepted explanation for the transport of sugars in phloem is the ________ theory.

A)pressure-flow
B)transpiration
C)bulk flow
D)root pressure
E)cohesiontension

Question 79

An opening in the epidermis of the leaf through which water evaporates is called a:

A)guard cell.
B)plasmodesmata.
C)pit.
D)sieve plate.
E)stoma.

Question 80

Bacteria-containing nodules in the roots of legume plants aid in the utilization of:

A)carbon dioxide.
B)trace elements.
C)water.
D)phosphates.
E)nitrogen.