Deck 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body: the Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine glands secrete their products:

A)directly into the target cells.
B)into the bloodstream.
C)into the digestive tract.
D)into glandular ducts.
E)into nerve cells.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these proteins identify a cell as a target cell for a hormone?

A)cyclic AMP
B)receptors
C)neurotransmitters
D)response proteins
E)neuromodulators

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Water-soluble hormones bind to molecules in the ________ of the target cell.

A)nucleus
B)cytoplasm
C)plasma membrane
D)mitochondria
E)DNA

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Local hormones are:

A)biochemicals released from one cell and transferred via the blood to other (target)cells.
B)released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence its target cell.
C)chemicals that are released by a cell into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
D)electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
E)released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.

Question 5

Most steroid hormones are synthesized from:

A)insulin.
B)amino acids.
C)linoleic acid.
D)glucose.
E)cholesterol.

Question 6

Which of the following is/are secreted not only by a particular gland but also by cells throughout the body?

A)prostaglandins
B)growth hormone
C)steroid hormones
D)ADH
E)androgens

Question 7

A possible second messenger in the cytoplasm is:

A)cyclic AMP.
B)ADP.
C)ATP.
D)DNA.
E)RNA.

Question 8

When you eat a bag of cookies, your blood sugar level increases. As blood sugar levels rise, insulin levels increase to move the sugar into the cells and lower the blood sugar level. As the blood sugar level drops, so does the level of insulin. This is an example of:

A)positive feedback.
B)negative feedback.
C)neurotransmitter activity.
D)solubility factors.
E)enzymatic action.

Question 9

Can a drug interfere with the action of a hormone in some target cells but not in others? Why?

A)Yes, because a receptor for a peptide hormone can be coupled to different second messenger systems.
B)Yes, because a receptor for a steroid hormone can be coupled to different second messenger systems.
C)No, hormones produce only one effect.
D)No, hormones always use the same second messenger system.
E)No, the hormone changes only target cells.

Question 10

Endocrine hormones are:

A)biochemicals released from one cell and transferred via the blood to other (target)cells.
B)released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence its target cell.
C)chemicals that are released by a cell into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
D)electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
E)released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.

Question 11

Which of these is a documented effect of a prostaglandin?

A)pain stimulation
B)dilation of blood vessels
C)stopping premature labor
D)decreased inflammation
E)inhibiting hormone secretion

Question 12

Histamine is an example of a(n):

A)neurotransmitter.
B)local hormone.
C)endocrine hormone.
D)synaptic messenger.
E)prostaglandin.

Question 13

Antidiuretic hormone increases fluid retention when the body sweats and decreases fluid retention when someone has drunk large amounts of water. This is an example of:

A)positive feedback.
B)negative feedback.
C)neurotransmitter activity.
D)solubility factors.
E)enzymatic action.

Question 14

Endocrine communication depends on:

A)electrical signals within individual cells.
B)chemicals secreted through ducts.
C)target cells not binding to a hormone.
D)chemicals secreted into the blood for delivery.
E)cytoplasmic movement through gap junctions.

Question 15

Which of the following causes cervical dilation during labor?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)oxytocin
D)prostaglandins
E)acetylcholine

Question 16

What are prostaglandins?

A)modified amino acids
B)peptides or proteins
C)steroids
D)modified fatty acids
E)carbohydrates

Question 17

Neurotransmitters are:

A)biochemicals released from one cell and transferred via the blood to other (target)cells.
B)released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence its target cell.
C)chemicals that are released by a cell into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
D)electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
E)released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.

Question 18

A diet that lacks cholesterol would limit the production of:

A)cyclic AMP.
B)amino acid derivatives.
C)peptide hormones.
D)steroid hormones.
E)acetylcholine.

Question 19

You woke up this morning with a headache from staying up cramming last night, so you took an aspirin. This should:

A)help because aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.
B)help because aspirin stimulates the production of prostaglandins.
C)make the headache worse because aspirin increases the production of endorphins.
D)help because aspirin blocks the production of endorphins.
E)help because aspirin increases neurotransmitter levels.

Question 20

When you scratch a mosquito bite, you damage some cells. Damaged cells release histamine, which causes localized swelling. The swelling can crush cells, causing them to release more histamine. This is an example of:

A)positive feedback.
B)negative feedback.
C)neurotransmitter activity.
D)solubility factors.
E)enzymatic action.

Question 21

If thymosin is blocked:

A)insulin fails.
B)progesterone production stops.
C)the immune system fails to mature T cells.
D)bone deteriorates.
E)dehydration occurs.

Question 22

The cells that control the secretion hormones produced by the anterior pituitary are located in the:

A)adrenal gland.
B)pancreas.
C)testes.
D)hypothalamus.
E)posterior pituitary.

Question 23

Antagonistic hormones have opposite effects. Which of the following pairs of hormones is antagonistic?

A)aldosterone and insulin
B)ADH and growth hormone
C)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
D)estrogen and progesterone
E)thymosin and FSH

Question 24

Which of these hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A)ADH
B)growth hormone
C)cortisol
D)gonadotropins
E)ACTH

Question 25

A nursing mother hears a baby crying, which triggers the "milk letdown" reaction even though the baby is not hers. Which hormone stimulated this response?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin
E)FSH

Question 26

In the normal feedback mechanisms, the effect of a high level of thyroxine is decreased:

A)growth.
B)release of TSH.
C)metabolic rate.
D)cell division.
E)insulin production.

Question 27

Which of these structures produces hormones that stimulate the secretory activity of the other endocrine glands?

A)anterior pituitary
B)thyroid
C)pancreas
D)ovaries and testes
E)adrenal cortex

Question 28

Which of these structures contains the endings of neurosecretory cells?

A)thyroid
B)pancreas
C)anterior pituitary
D)posterior pituitary
E)adrenal medulla

Question 29

Nursing a newborn can cause uterine cramping. Which hormone is responsible?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin
E)FSH

Question 30

Children who are pituitary dwarfs can now grow to normal height because of:

A)the invention of synthetic growth hormone.
B)genetically engineered production of growth hormone by bacteria.
C)large supplies of growth hormone from dead animals.
D)genetic repair before birth.
E)pituitary transplants.

Question 31

The ________ pituitary releases hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus.

A)anterior
B)median
C)posterior
D)ventral
E)dorsal

Question 32

The principal function of ACTH is to stimulate the release of:

A)testosterone.
B)glucocorticoids.
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D)angiotensin.
E)insulin.

Question 33

After hiking for an hour in the desert, your circulating levels of ADH will be:

A)average.
B)above average.
C)below average.

Question 34

A low secretion of thyroxine during infancy results in retardation of mental and physical growth known as:

A)goiter.
B)beriberi.
C)diabetes.
D)cretinism.
E)acromegaly.

Question 35

All the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus are:

A)modified amino acids.
B)peptides.
C)steroids.
D)modified fatty acids.
E)ions.

Question 36

If basal metabolism drops, which anterior pituitary hormone is released to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce its secretion?

A)thyroxine
B)ACTH
C)FSH
D)prolactin
E)TSH

Question 37

Using iodized salt prevents:

A)diabetes.
B)goiter.
C)menstrual cramps.
D)high blood pressure.
E)gigantism.

Question 38

What is the effect of increased levels of parathyroid hormone?

A)increased blood calcium levels
B)decreased blood calcium levels
C)increased metabolism
D)decreased metabolism
E)increased estrogen levels

Question 39

After spending 4 hours in the sun at the beach without sunscreen, your blood concentration of ________ has risen.

A)FSH
B)ACTH
C)insulin
D)erythropoietin
E)TSH

Question 40

Dwarfism may be due to a lack of the secretion of growth hormone by the:

A)anterior pituitary.
B)parathyroid.
C)pancreas.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)adrenal cortex.

Question 41

Diabetes mellitus is due to an inability to respond to, or a lack of:

A)glucagon.
B)insulin.
C)thyroxine.
D)glucocorticoids.
E)ADH.

Question 42

Thymosin stimulates the maturation of:

A)T cells.
B)B cells.
C)both T and B cells.
D)white blood cells.
E)red blood cells.

Question 43

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by activating an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, which is stored primarily in the:

A)heart.
B)liver.
C)kidneys.
D)pancreas.
E)small intestine.

Question 44

Antagonistic hormones have opposite effects. Which of the following pairs of hormones is antagonistic?

A)aldosterone and insulin
B)ADH and growth hormone
C)calcitonin and TSH
D)thyroxine and thymosin
E)insulin and glucagon

Question 45

________ is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal gland and is critical to normal functioning of the immune system.

A)LH (luteinizing hormone)
B)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
C)Cortisol
D)FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Question 46

Decreased levels of ADH cause:

A)hunger.
B)water weight gain.
C)fever.
D)dehydration.
E)increased metabolism.

Question 47

The thymus produces ________, a hormone that stimulates the maturation of T cells.

A)thyroxine
B)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
C)testosterone
D)thymosin
E)insulin

Question 48

Which pair of hormones is responsible for keeping blood glucose levels within normal ranges?

A)aldosterone and insulin
B)ADH and growth hormone
C)calcitonin and TSH
D)thyroxine and thymosin
E)insulin and glucagon

Question 49

________ is the base molecule used to build the adrenal cortex hormones.

A)Sodium
B)Carbohydrate
C)Cholesterol
D)Amino acid
E)Nucleic acid

Question 50

Which hormone stimulates the development of the uterine lining?

A)insulin
B)luteinizing hormone
C)follicle-stimulating hormone
D)progesterone
E)oxytocin

Question 51

Prostaglandins are local hormones. True or False?

Question 52

Which of the following triggers the release of calcium from bones?

A)oxytocin
B)parathyroid hormone
C)insulin
D)prolactin
E)calcitonin

Question 53

Which of the following is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism?

A)glucagon
B)leptin
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin
E)epinephrine

Question 54

The production of hormones by the adrenal medulla is controlled directly by the:

A)anterior pituitary.
B)posterior pituitary.
C)thyroid.
D)kidneys.
E)nervous system.

Question 55

Which hormone decreases blood glucose concentrations?

A)glucagon
B)insulin
C)cortisol
D)growth hormone
E)cortisol

Question 56

Which gland responds to light and is involved in daily rhythms in some animals?

A)thymus
B)adrenal
C)pituitary
D)pineal
E)pancreas

Question 57

The release of aldosterone is stimulated by:

A)increased levels of plasma sodium.
B)decreased levels of plasma sodium.
C)increased blood glucose concentrations.
D)decreased blood glucose concentrations.
E)increased levels of growth hormone.

Question 58

Sitting down to take this exam probably caused an increase in your heart and respiratory rates, an increased sensitivity to stimuli, and a decreased response to physical pain due to:

A)ADH.
B)insulin.
C)adrenaline.
D)cortisol.
E)estrogen.

Question 59

If you eat a meal that is high in sugar, which hormone will stimulate your cells to make fat to store the excess?

A)glucagon
B)glycogen
C)insulin
D)thyroxine
E)glucocorticoids

Question 60

Which of the following BEST explains why anabolic steroid abuse by male athletes can lead to a decrease in testes size?

A)Circulating anabolic steroids increase the release of FSH and LH, which inhibit testes growth and function.
B)Circulating anabolic steroids decrease the release of FSH and LH, which inhibit testes growth and function.
C)High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone, through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes because they produce most of the testosterone.
D)High levels of anabolic steroids increase the production of testosterone, through positive feedback, which decreases the size of the testes because they produce most of the testosterone.
E)High levels of anabolic steroids cause the adrenal glands to release more estrogen.

Question 61

Low levels of oxygen trigger the release of erythropoietin. True or False?

Question 62

Increased thyroid hormone levels decrease cell metabolism. True or False?

Question 63

Mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland regulate salt metabolism. True or False?

Question 64

Paracrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream. True or False?

Question 65

Local hormones are secreted by ________.

Question 66

Cyclic-AMP behaves the same in all cells. True or False?

Question 67

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. True or False?

Question 68

Anabolic steroids are metabolized as quickly as natural testosterone. True or False?

Question 69

Positive feedback loops enhance changes in the body. True or False?

Question 70

Alcohol increases the production of ADH. True or False?

Question 71

A positive feedback loop increases or decreases insulin production to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. True or False?

Question 72

Steroid hormones use second messengers in communicating with their target cells. True or False?

Question 73

The posterior pituitary is composed of neurosecretory cells. True or False?

Question 74

Only males make testosterone. True or False?

Question 75

Only mammals produce hormones. True or False?

Question 76

Increased levels of ACTH lead to increased levels of cortisol. True or False?

Question 77

As TSH levels increase, thyroxine levels should decrease. True or False?

Question 78

Peptide hormones like insulin bind to receptors on the target cell's surface, triggering the production of second messengers. True or False?

Question 79

Blood glucose levels are controlled by secretions from the pituitary gland. True or False?

Question 80

Contractions of the uterus during childbirth are stimulated by oxytocin. True or False?