Deck 23: Contrast Media and Introduction to Radiopharmaceuticals

Question 1

Laboratory tests to assess a patient's BUN and creatinine are used to determine the patient's

A) liver function.
B) renal function.
C) pancreas.
D) thymus.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A double-contrast study of the colon is an example of

A) a low-contrast examination.
B) the use of both a negative and a positive contrast agent on the same image.
C) an exam utilizing twice the volume of contrast media.
D) All of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Negative contrast agents

A) are opaque to the transmission of X-rays.
B) have low atomic numbers.
C) provide high X-ray beam attenuation and absorption.
D) are materials such as bone and metal.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All of the following are true of barium sulfate as a contrast agent except

A) when mixed with water,it dissolves completely.
B) its atomic number (Z)is 56.
C) it is chemically inert.
D) barium sulfate is often mixed with water and sodium citrate,to prevent flocculation.

Question 5

Nonionic iodine contrast agents differ from ionic agents in that nonionics

A) do not break down into a cation and an anion.
B) have a low pH.
C) have a small chemical structure and high osmolality.
D) are not triiodinated.

Question 6

An undesirable characteristic of ionic contrast agents is their

A) chemical stability and inertness.
B) neutral osmolality.
C) neutral pH.
D) dissociation into a cation and an anion when dissolved in plasma.

Question 7

A common contrast agent used for MRI examinations is

A) protease.
B) barium sulfate.
C) gadolinium-DTPA.
D) triiodinated thorium.

Question 8

Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to patients with compromised renal function.Patients who commonly have compromised kidney function include

A) patients with diabetes.
B) elderly patients.
C) renal dialysis patients.
D) All of the above

Question 9

The osmotic effects of ionic contrast agents are a result of the movement of

A) water from the body's cells into the bloodstream,causing increased blood volume and higher blood pressure.
B) water from the blood plasma into cells,causing them to swell and possibly burst.
C) iodine into cells,thereby increasing the cell membrane permeability.
D) glucose molecules into cells,increasing metabolism.

Question 10

Contrast agents can be generally classified as

A) ionic and nonionic.
B) metallic and nonmetallic.
C) positive and negative.
D) low osmolality and high osmolality.

Question 11

When using any type of contrast agent for a radiographic examination,

A) the patient should have the final choice on the type of contrast used.
B) a thorough medical history must be taken by the imaging professional.
C) the cost of the contrast agent and options should be explained to the patient agent.
D) a radiopharmaceutical may be substituted for contrast material,in patients with a moderated risk factor.

Question 12

The use of contrast material as a means for visualizing human anatomy has a long history.Regardless of the type of contrast media,the purpose for using contrast media is to

A) take advantage of Compton interactions and increase the amount of remnant radiation.
B) enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures.
C) improve gastric motility and digestion.
D) improve the contrast between high contrast structures such as bone.

Question 13

Generally speaking,radiographic images are the result of X-ray photons being absorbed to varying degrees based on tissue density and thickness.There are five radiographic densities seen on radiographs: air or gas,water,fat,mineral,and metal.The lowest subject contrast between these five densities is between

A) bone and air.
B) water and mineral.
C) water and fat.
D) metal and air.

Question 14

Barium sulfate would be contraindicated for a patient with

A) colonic polyps.
B) a suspected duodenal bulb perforation.
C) diverticulosis.
D) All of the above

Question 15

Stomach examinations using barium sulfate have some degree of risk for patients who are

A) sedated.
B) mentally disabled.
C) potentially hypovolemic.
D) All of the above

Question 16

For select examinations,air (negative contrast)and radiopaque contrast are used as a pair to outline mucosal linings,joint interspaces,and passageways.These examinations are considered

A) double-contrast studies.
B) extremely dangerous and rarely done.
C) single-contrast examinations.
D) low-contrast studies.

Question 17

Positive contrast agents

A) have high atomic numbers.
B) appear opaque on radiographs because of the degree of attenuation.
C) have a tendency to absorb X-ray photon energy to a great extent.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 18

Nonionic low-osmolality contrast agents have gained tremendous popularity with physicians as a safer choice for iodine contrast examinations.It is important to remember that nonionics

A) are much less expensive than ionics.
B) still pose a risk to renal function.
C) are more difficult to inject owing to their higher viscosity.
D) cannot be used on patients who have had several CT examinations.

Question 19

Most adverse reactions to ionic,iodinated contrast agents are caused by

A) their pH.
B) their hydrogen concentration.
C) their osmolality.
D) the presence of iodine.

Question 20

After the injection of an ionic iodinated contrast agent into a patient for a renal study,the patient complains of a warm feeling and is starting to itch.You notice the patient is developing urticaria.As you monitor the patient,you should

A) calmly talk to the patient to lessen their stress level,which is the likely cause of the symptoms casually watch the patient and note any more symptoms because these are not unusual.
B) closely monitor the patient and look for worsening signs such as vomiting and bronchospasm.
C) inform the radiologist or physician of the patient's anaphylaxis.
D) closely monitor the patient and look for worsening signs such as vomiting and bronchospasm and inform the radiologist or physician of the patient's anaphylaxis.

Question 21

When a nonionic contrast agent is injected into an artery such as the carotid,visualization of the artery and its branches occurs because

A) blood in the artery chemically changes into iodine.
B) iodine in the contrast agent mixes with blood and makes the artery radiopaque.
C) the contrast medium makes the artery easier to penetrate at the optimum kVp.
D) the contrast agent changes into a radiopharmaceutical.

Question 22

A radiopharmaceutical is

A) a contrast agent.
B) any medication given to patients in radiology.
C) any medication given by a radiologist.
D) a radioactive material used for nuclear imaging.

Question 23

A responsible medical imaging professional will always maintain his or her focus on patients,particularly when any contrast agent is administered.A mandatory prerequisite to these studies is always

A) laboratory tests to determine renal function.
B) a completed registration form.
C) a thorough medical history including allergies and diseases.
D) making sure a qualified nurse is available to handle any reactions.

Question 24

Select the true statement from the choices below.

A) Nuclear studies using radiopharmaceuticals are generally more functional in nature.
B) Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)is a significant concern in the use of radioisotopes in nuclear medicine.Radiographic examinations are generally more structural in nature.
C) When a patient scheduled for both a PET scan and CT scan,it is important to do the CT scan first due to the length of the PET scan procedure and its radioisotope half-life.
D) The principle ingredient in MR contrast material is hydrogen.

Question 25

When working with a radiopharmaceutical,the nuclear medicine professional must be particularly aware of

A) the half-life of the isotope.
B) any isotope spills or leaks.
C) contamination of isotope that yields image artifacts.
D) All of the above