Deck 13: Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Cures

Question 1

One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that stereotypes are emotion based. The other reason is that ___________.

A) attitudes are organized such that schema-consistent information is given more attention
B) stereotypes are perpetuated so strongly in the news media
C) people who are prejudiced tend to also have lower IQs
D) stereotypes are usually ingrained since birth

Answer 1

attitudes are organized such that schema-consistent information is given more attention

Question 2

Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture. Thus, members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes, but most __________.

A) will subscribe to them as adults
B) will be aware of what the stereotypes are
C) will use them to judge others
D) have experiences that are in line with the stereotype

Answer 2

will be aware of what the stereotypes are

Question 3

The text presents a study where participants were asked to evaluate a drug addict for honesty or dishonesty from a scenario provided to them. What did the study show?

A) More people remembered that the addict pocketed money he found on the street.
B) More people remembered that the addict returned the money to its rightful owner.
C) Many people did not recall any reference to the drug addict finding money.
D) The same number of people who remembered the drug addict pocketing the money, remembered the drug addict returning the money to its rightful owner.

Answer 3

More people remembered that the addict pocketed money he found on the street.

Question 4

If a baby is raised in a "monoracial" world, how soon will it show preference for faces of their own race?

A) one week
B) three weeks
C) two months
D) three months

Question 5

Katie is a baby who is 5 months old. Her father is Asian, and her mother is Hispanic. Which of the following is true regarding her preference for facial characteristics?

A) Katie dislikes looking at Asian faces, but likes Hispanic faces.
B) Katie likes looking at both Asian and Hispanic faces.
C) Katie prefers to look at Asian faces, but not Hispanic faces.
D) Katie dislikes both Asian and Hispanic faces and shows a preference for African American faces.

Question 6

Social neuroscientists propose that our natural tendency to group people and create categories is built into the brain and is __________.

A) maladaptive
B) preferred
C) adaptive
D) non-preferred

Question 7

__________ is to affect as __________ is to cognition.

A) Stereotype; prejudice
B) Discrimination; stereotype
C) Prejudice; discrimination
D) Prejudice; stereotype

Question 8

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept "prejudice" as used by social psychologists?

A) At parties, Lynne tends to seek out people who, like her, are psychology majors.
B) Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East.
C) Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic.
D) Barbara believes that women are smarter than men.

Question 9

Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. "Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his __________ about polygamy.

A) stereotypes
B) beliefs
C) prejudice
D) politically correct opinion

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a component of an attitude?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) emotional
D) social

Question 11

A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group is known as __________.

A) stereotype
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) categorization

Question 12

Gordon Allport described stereotyping as "the law of __________."

A) least effort
B) greatest savings
C) greatest cost
D) most effort

Question 13

Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype?

A) Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding.
B) Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted.
C) Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him.
D) Nicole avoids homeless people on the street.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about prejudice is FALSE?

A) Everyone, no matter their origin, is a potential target of prejudice.
B) While our enemies regard us in distorted fashion, our allies perceive us without prejudice.
C) Prejudices exist for nationalities, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and aspects of appearance and health.
D) Prejudices tend to "cut both ways"; if we have prejudice about one group, they will have prejudices about us.

Question 15

Regarding the changes in prejudice over the last fifty years, which of the following is NOT a true statement?

A) Prejudice seen fifty years ago would not have predicted that America would have had a Black president.
B) Prejudice seen fifty years ago would not have predicted the number of women we have who are lawyers, doctors, Supreme Court justices and so on.
C) Prejudice seen fifty years ago would not have predicted the current stance on same-sex marriages.
D) Prejudice seen fifty years ago would not have predicted the dramatic drop in hate groups currently being experienced.

Question 16

Who originally coined the term "stereotype"?

A) Walter Lippmann, a journalist
B) Sigmund Freud, a psychologist
C) Gordon Allport, a psychologist
D) Banaji and Greenwald, social psychologists

Question 17

Kevin only buys clothes made in America. He never buys clothes made in India or Pakistan. This demonstrates the __________ component of his attitude.

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) disabling

Question 18

According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n) __________.

A) attitude
B) cognition
C) belief
D) estimation

Question 19

Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known. Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences prejudice?

A) Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination.
B) Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice.
C) Any group can experience prejudice.
D) Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore.

Question 20

__________ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership.

A) Discrimination
B) Stereotyping
C) Racism
D) Prejudice

Question 21

A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements?

A) "Women are just not capable of doing good science."
B) "Women should not serve in the military because they aren't as brave as men."
C) "Women should stay home because they are too precious and sweet to waste on the working world."
D) "Women shouldn't teach men because they aren't very intelligent."

Question 22

Alan just met Tina who is from a small rural town in the South. Alan believes that people from the South are narrow-minded, conservatively religious, and prudish. Tina, however, is none of these. What will Alan think?

A) His stereotype about southerners is incorrect.
B) Tina is an exception to his stereotype about southerners.
C) His stereotype needs revision.
D) His emotions about Tina aren't appropriate.

Question 23

One common stereotype about women that your text discusses is that they tend to be __________.

A) aggressive
B) better than men at throwing long distances
C) more nurturing
D) good at math

Question 24

A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay. The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual. His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport's idea of __________.

A) the contact hypothesis
B) the law of least effort
C) scapegoating
D) natural prejudice

Question 25

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they __________.

A) exist
B) are overgeneralized to members of a group
C) are based on experience
D) reduce cognitive effort

Question 26

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they __________.

A) are selectively applied
B) simplify a complex social world
C) are reserved for ambiguous situations
D) minimize differences within a group of people

Question 27

According to research presented in the chapter, people believe that female jobs require which of the following?

A) strength and smarts
B) intelligence and perseverance
C) height and resistance
D) kindness and nurturance

Question 28

Stereotyping is a way of __________ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes __________.

A) coding; destructive
B) simplifying; adaptive
C) justifying; reassuring
D) judging; decisive

Question 29

Julius is African American and Mike is White; both are basketball players for high-school teams. They both score the same number of baskets and have similar records of assists, rebounds, and free throws. According to information from your text, who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall?

A) Mike
B) Julius
C) It depends on the ethnicity of the person you ask.
D) They would be viewed equally.

Question 30

__________ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group, regardless of within-group variations.

A) Schemas
B) Stereotypes
C) In-group biases
D) Negative stereotypes

Question 31

When Gordon Allport (1954) described stereotyping as "the law of least effort," he was suggesting that stereotypes arise __________.

A) from personal experience
B) to help us conserve cognitive energy
C) at the service of the ego
D) to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily

Question 32

When asked to imagine someone who fits the description "construction worker," many people picture a man in a hard hat and work clothes. Such mental images of a group of people are examples of ___________.

A) prejudices
B) stereotypes
C) evaluations
D) scripts

Question 33

Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a __________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a __________ stereotype about a particular group.

A) benign; destructive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) specific; diffuse

Question 34

If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors, they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes. This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through __________.

A) heredity
B) religion
C) the media
D) politicians

Question 35

Men who are "benevolent sexists" have positive feelings about women as a group, but __________.

A) while their views may be old-fashioned, there is no harm in them
B) unconsciously have a strong underlying hatred of women
C) are not inclined to put women on a pedestal or idealize them romantically
D) their views also serve to justify relegating women to traditional, stereotyped roles

Question 36

Both benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are alike in that they __________.

A) put women on a pedestal
B) idealize women romantically
C) have uniformly negative views of women
D) view women as the weaker sex

Question 37

Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering. Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive?

A) It is a gross overgeneralization.
B) It is denying White children the opportunity to play sports.
C) It implies that African Americans are built for hard labor.
D) It is a means of scapegoating.

Question 38

Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane's __________ women.

A) prejudice toward
B) stereotypes about
C) discrimination against
D) negative affect toward

Question 39

Tara's boss always calls her "Miss," but refers to his other employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is experiencing __________ sexism from her boss.

A) hostile
B) puerile
C) benign
D) benevolent

Question 40

Stereotypes are the __________ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people.

A) denotative
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) affective

Question 41

The author of the text outlines a study completed in Seattle that looked at statistics associated with Seattle's war on drugs and their success in fighting that war. While Seattle is 70% White, two-thirds of those arrested for drug violations are Black. Further, most of the arrests have specifically targeted drug markets that are predominantly Black. What do the researchers conclude about the police department's drug enforcement efforts?

A) They are consciously targeting the Blacks in their community.
B) They are unconsciously perceiving Blacks as the primary cause of the city's drug problems.
C) They are consciously seeing the Whites as the primary cause of the city's drug problems, but they want to clean up the Black problem first, since it is smaller.
D) They are simply arresting those that are more accessible to them.

Question 42

In discussing institutionalized discrimination, the author of the text presents the idea of having both male and female professors rate a job application for a lab manager. In the experiment, the resume is identical with the exception of the assignment of a male or a female name. What did this experiment show?

A) Both the male and the female would be hired at the same rate of pay.
B) More professors recommended hiring the female at a slightly higher wage than the male.
C) More professors viewed the male candidate as more competent and they would hire him at a higher salary than the female.
D) Only the female professors indicated they would hire the female.

Question 43

Ken needs help with his algebra homework. He looks around the room at his new roommates and blurts out, "Hiro, you're good at math, right? You can help me with my homework." Because Hiro is Japanese American, Ken assumes he's good at math. This represents a(n) __________.

A) microaggression
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) scapegoat

Question 44

Jessica isn't invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman. Jessica is experiencing __________ from her coworkers.

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) hostile sexism
D) race-based exclusion

Question 45

Researchers had participants look at photos of African American and White young men holding various objects in their hands. The participants' job was to determine if the object in the hand was a gun or not, and to press a button labeled "shoot" if the object was a gun. This research demonstrated a greater likelihood to __________.

A) press the button and "shoot" the Black young men, regardless of what they were holding
B) press the button and "shoot" the White young men, regardless of what they were holding
C) not press the button at all and thereby be shot themselves
D) press the button for every young man they saw

Question 46

When "Whitened" (removing any references to minority ethnicity) and "non-Whitened" resumes were sent to job ads posted on online career sites, what happened?

A) Both "Whitened" and "non-Whitened" resumes were called back equally.
B) "Non-Whitened" resumes were twice as likely to get a call back compared to "Whitened" resumes.
C) "Whitened" resumes were twice as likely to get a call back compared to "non-Whitened" resumes.
D) "Non-Whitened" resumes were called back more, but only by companies that were predominantly staffed with other minorities.

Question 47

The bogus pipeline is an instrument that was developed to measure attitudes that are otherwise difficult to measure because __________.

A) of motivations to give a socially desirable response
B) the attitudes in question are negative rather than positive
C) the attitudes in question are weak and not clearly developed
D) participants feel ambivalent about the issue in question

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

A) Luke thinks all women are manipulative.
B) Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews.
C) Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
D) Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish and can cook terrific Tex-Mex food.

Question 49

Tina's dad is a benevolent sexist. He's most likely to approve of which of the following as Tina's choice of major?

A) Law. He's looking forward to her becoming a defense attorney.
B) Art. He wants her to continue making the world beautiful.
C) Chemistry. He would like for her to use her talents to make an incredible amount of money.
D) Criminal justice. He wants her to be the first female chief of police of their town.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a microaggression?

A) seating an African American couple in the terrible seats near the kitchen door
B) speaking loudly and slowly to the blind guy on the project team
C) locking the car door when getting out at home
D) telling the Asian man at the grocery that his English is not too bad

Question 51

Sarka is participating in a study on campus. She is hooked up to a machine and told that it is a lie detector (actually it does nothing). She was then asked questions about racial prejudice. This method is called the __________.

A) polygraph
B) bogus pipeline
C) Implicit Association Test
D) Explicit Association Test

Question 52

On the Implicit Association Test, implicit attitudes are revealed by __________.

A) differences in response times to faces when paired with positive words as compared to faces when paired with negative words
B) examining the physical distances between individuals when they are interacting with one another
C) asking participants to predict their attitude toward gay men, lesbians, and other groups
D) changes in physiology revealed by the bogus pipeline

Question 53

The definition of __________ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group."

A) affirmative action
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) racism

Question 54

The __________ is thought to measure unconscious prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face with a positive or negative association.

A) Implicit Association Test
B) affective component
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D)contact hypothesis

Question 55

Researchers (Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, 1981) conducted a Milgram study in which participants believed they were either shocking a White or an African-American "learner." The pattern of the results for African-American learners can be best described as __________.

A) Whites used lower levels of shock
B) Whites used higher levels of shock
C) Whites used lower levels of shock initially, then higher levels after being insulted
D) Whites used higher levels of shock initially, then lower levels after being insulted

Question 56

A popular research technique to identify the prejudices that people don't want to admit is to send identical resumes to potential employers. A research team also created fake Facebook pages to represent some of those fake resumes. They found that __________.

A) in liberal states, potential employers were less likely to give interviews to women
B) in conservative states, potential employers were less interested in interviewing gay men or lesbians
C) in conservative states, Muslim applicants were less likely to get an interview
D) in liberal states, men were less likely to get an interview than women

Question 57

Discrimination is the __________ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people.

A) cognitive
B) pejorative
C) affective
D) behavioral

Question 58

Gordon Allport wrote that "defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally." What did he mean by that statement?

A) Deep-seated negative feelings may persist, even when a person knows consciously that a prejudice is wrong.
B) Emotions and thoughts contribute equally to prejudice.
C) Without stereotypes, emotions wouldn't exist.
D) Negative feelings are only held by the intellectually superior people within a culture.

Question 59

According to research by Fiske, Cuddy, and Glick (2007), stereotypes can be classified along two dimensions (warmth and competence) of person perception. Based on their idea, which of the following pairings of perceptions is correct?

A) Homeless people are seen as competent, but not warm.
B) The elderly are seen as warm, but not competent.
C) The rich are seen as warm, but not competent.
D) The middle class are seen as neither warm or competent.

Question 60

At work, Julie is often told, "Get out of the way, this is man's work, little woman." Her male coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but let it slide when another man makes a similar mistake. Julie is experiencing __________ sexism.

A) hostile
B) puerile
C) malignant
D) benevolent

Question 61

When you are feeling a social identity threat, which of the following may interfere with your performing at your best?

A) It reduces our working memory capacity.
B) It slows oxygen flow to your brain.
C) It causes us to relax and become sleepy.
D) It doesn't allow decision-making in our brain.

Question 62

As the only African American in his class, LaMonte tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want his White counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior. LaMonte is experiencing __________.

A) class anxiety
B) social identity threat
C) group hostility
D) behavioral threat

Question 63

Some psychological scientists question the interpretations of the Implicit Association Test. Rather than revealing implicit bias, what else might the test be revealing?

A) explicit bias
B) overt behavior
C) discrimination
D) cultural stereotypes or associations

Question 64

A woman would be most likely to experience social identity threat when completing a(n)

A) calculus examination.
B) vocational interest questionnaire.
C) gender-neutral task.
D) English assignment.

Question 65

According to the authors, one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is __________.

A) genocide
B) discrimination
C) lower self-esteem
D) rebellion

Question 66

__________ refers to the feelings and behaviors elicited by being evaluated through the lens of negative stereotypes about your group.

A) Stereotype anxiety
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Social Identity Threat
D) Discrimination

Question 67

Currently, research on the link between the IAT and actual behavior has shown __________.

A) no agreement with IAT scores and actual behavior
B) perfect agreement with IAT scores and actual behavior
C) some correlation between IAT scores and actual behavior
D) that there is no reason to believe the IAT can predict actual behavior

Question 68

Carol is standing and talking with colleagues when someone begins talking about a friend who they say is "overweight and lazy." Carol (who is obese) begins to feel that she is being evaluated for her laziness in this conversation. Carol is experiencing __________.

A) performance ambivalence
B) social identity threat
C) stereotypic anxiety
D) evaluation apprehension

Question 69

An expectation of one's own or another person's behavior that comes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about is called __________.

A) implicit prejudice
B) explicit prejudice
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) discrimination

Question 70

In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and White students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the former condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did White students because __________.

A) African American students were overwhelmed by a fear of success
B) African American students experienced social identity threat
C) White students were determined that African American students would not "outscore" them
D) African American students shared the cultural stereotype

Question 71

Chris is very concerned because her Implicit Association Test (IAT) results show that she responded more slowly when fat faces were paired with positive words. She's concerned that this represents that she is implicitly biased against fat people. What might some psychological scientists tell her to make her feel better?

A) The IAT may reveal cultural stereotypes and not personal stereotypes.
B) The IAT predicts behavior in most people, so she should be worried about how she will now interact with an overweight friend.
C) These IAT results also predict she has negative implicit attitudes toward the elderly.
D) A self-fulfilling prophecy is created now that she knows her IAT results.

Question 72

The underlying reason why social identity threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of social identity threat fosters __________.

A) depression and low self-esteem
B) anger and aggression
C) evaluation apprehension
D) the self-verification motive

Question 73

Which of the following people is most likely to experience social identity threat?

A) an African-American student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
B) an African-American student who believes that her performance on the test will not reveal anything about her actual intellectual ability
C) a white student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
D) a white student who believes that his performance on the test will not reveal anything about his actual intellectual ability

Question 74

In which of the following cases would social identity threat NOT be likely to occur?

A) an African-American male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of intellectual ability
B) a white female taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability
C) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability
D) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability in competition with a group of Asians

Question 75

Social identity threat used to be termed __________.

A) stereotype threat
B) prejudicial threat
C) discrimination threat
D) evaluation threat

Question 76

Researchers (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974) tested the self-fulfilling prophecy as it relates to prejudice. They observed the differential behaviors of White interviewers who interviewed either African-American or White job candidates. They then trained other interviewers to manifest these two different interview styles. When the new interviewers later interviewed White job applicants, the applicants who were treated as African Americans in the first study __________.

A) confronted the interviewers and terminated the conversation
B) actually behaved in less effective and comfortable ways
C) experienced a loss of self-esteem
D) became more convinced that their initial negative expectations were confirmed

Question 77

Critics of the Implicit Association Test propose that the best way to validate the test is to observe people's __________.

A) emotions
B) actual behavior
C) hands while typing
D) faces while taking the test

Question 78

At a baby shower, one of the games was to have the men who attended the party compete to see who could change a diaper the fastest. This game very likely elicited __________.

A) discrimination threat
B) social identity threat
C) cooperation threat
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 79

When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior, we have actually created a(n) __________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) fundamental attribution error
C) minimal group bias
D) expectations relapse

Question 80

Arnold is taking a test that measures his reaction time to faces paired with words. When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words, it means he has a __________ prejudice.

A) negative implicit
B) positive implicit
C) negative explicit
D) positive explicit