Deck 22: Ethics Systems: Rights and Justice

Question 1

Ethics systems are classified as categorical imperative or theoretical imperative.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Kantian maxims are also referred to as moral rules.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The statement, "Treat individuals always as autonomous ends, and so never solely as means," represents Kant's formulation of the categorical imperative.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Teleological or consequentialist systems hold that moral right takes precedence over the good and can be evaluated by considerations independent of, or in addition to, consequences.

Question 5

Teleological and deontological systems are similar in their nature and structure, and they always yield the same evaluations of actions.

Question 6

Rights based on moral principles can be publicly enforced.

Question 7

Basic liberties such as freedom of speech and rights such as equal opportunity are fundamental concepts that express considerations of freedom, autonomy, and basic equality.

Question 8

Kant argued that because individuals are rational and each individual deduces maxims from a conception of freedom and autonomy that resides in everyone, all individuals will deduce different maxims.

Question 9

For Kant, freedom and rationality are the foundations of a theory of morality.

Question 10

Kant emphasized the "good" over the "right."

Question 11

Rights and entitlements do not evolve over time despite changes in preferences and demography.

Question 12

Rights established by political choice do not reflect moral principles.

Question 13

Freedom of speech and assembly are positive rights.

Question 14

Rights consistent with Kant's system include freedoms of speech and conscience.

Question 15

Rights can be established by private agreements, such as contracts.

Question 16

Both teleological and deontological systems are ultimately concerned with the evaluation of actions.

Question 17

Rights can be instrumental or intrinsic.

Question 18

Consequentialist ethics systems focus on the good and evaluate the good in terms of individuals' preferences for consequences.

Question 19

According to the Kantian approach, it would be unethical for an employer to dismiss an employee solely based on race or some other arbitrary reason other than performance.

Question 20

Moral rights in the Kantian system are extrinsic.

Question 21

A ________ is established by moral consensus or by government and is accompanied by a clear assignment of the corresponding duty.

A) moral standard
B) norm
C) claim
D) granted right

Question 22

Which of the following is true with regard to rights?

A) Rights established by political choice do not reflect moral principles.
B) Rights established by the state can be publicly enforced.
C) Freedom of speech and assembly are positive rights.
D) As a rule, rights established by private agreements are invalid.

Question 23

What is the first step in the methodology of rights analysis?

A) determine which claimed rights satisfy moral standards
B) identify the actions consistent with the protection or promotion of any morally justified rights
C) identify the rights claimed and their claimed moral bases
D) identify conflicts among rights

Question 24

Claims that people have economic rights to housing or food are claims about instrumental rights intended to improve their well-being.

Question 25

The fundamental criticism of deontological systems is that they fail to explain why a principle or right should be respected.

Question 26

________ systems of ethics define the rightness of an action in terms of the good its consequences yield.

A) Deontological
B) Existential
C) Teleological
D) Pragmatic

Question 27

Which of the following is true with regard to prioritization of rights?

A) Intrinsic rights have priority over instrumental rights.
B) The assessment of priorities with regard to rights does not involve the examination of the interests those rights protect and promote.
C) Moral principles do not establish priorities.
D) Since moral and granted rights can be in conflict in managerial settings, they must not be prioritized.

Question 28

Which of the following is the goal of compensatory justice?

A) distribution of rewards
B) restitution
C) retribution
D) elimination of economic inequities

Question 29

The legal bases for rights include ________.

A) norms
B) contracts
C) cultural codes
D) consequentialist ethics

Question 30

In deontological systems, the motive or reason for taking an action, or abiding by a principle, is required to have ________ standing.

A) legal
B) political
C) economic
D) moral

Question 31

Kant argued that the intrinsic rights established in accord with the categorical imperative ________.

A) are immoral
B) do not conform to ethical standards
C) do not conflict
D) are dissonant

Question 32

One is acting paternalistically toward a person if and only if ________.

A) one's action does not benefit that person
B) one's action has that person's past consent
C) one's action involves violating a moral rule with regard to that person
D) that person is incompetent to give consent (simple or valid) to the violation

Question 33

Which of the following is the legal manifestation for equal employment opportunity?

A) Neutrality Act of 1935
B) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C) Neutrality Act of 1939
D) Civil Rights Act of 1866

Question 34

Some rights are instrumental when viewed from the perspective of autonomy and liberty and intrinsic when viewed in terms of the consequences they yield.

Question 35

________ refers to actions taken to benefit a person without that person's consent.

A) Egalitarianism
B) Paternalism
C) Liberalism
D) Prioritization of rights

Question 36

For Kant freedom and ________ are the foundations of a theory of morality.

A) sociability
B) rationality
C) fraternity
D) attitude

Question 37

________ justice is concerned with the distribution of the rewards and burdens of social interactions.

A) Distributive
B) Compensatory
C) Retributive
D) Punitive

Question 38

Which of the following is true with regard to intrinsic rights?

A) Intrinsic rights are frequently negative rights in the sense that respecting autonomy precludes others from infringing that autonomy.
B) Intrinsic rights are to be respected because they contribute to achieving better consequences.
C) Intrinsic rights require extensive justification in terms of consequences.
D) Intrinsic rights do not impose duties on individuals to respect those rights.

Question 39

Intrinsic rights require extensive justification in terms of consequences.

Question 40

A granted right is established by moral consensus or by government and is accompanied by a clear assignment of the corresponding duty.

Question 41

Which of the following refers to a principal category of justice theories?

A) vigilante
B) retributive
C) teleological
D) deontological

Question 42

Nozick's theory has been criticized for its sole reliance on ________

A) free consent
B) paternalism
C) moral standards
D) casuistry

Question 43

What does liberalism emphasize?

A) prioritization of rights
B) paternalism
C) the liberty of individuals
D) the dissolution of liberal autocracies

Question 44

What are the principal categories of justice theories? Discuss each briefly.

Question 45

What are the criticisms of the Kantian ethics system?

Question 46

Write a short note on the relationship between maxims and rights. Use examples to support your answer.

Question 47

The Rawlsian choice allows more-advantaged people to ________.

A) maintain economic inequities in the society
B) pursue their interests resulting in greater aggregate well-being than with egalitarianism
C) ignore instrumental rights
D) maintain status quo by restricting opportunities to the less-advantaged people

Question 48

What are the criticisms of Rawl's theory of justice?

Question 49

Which of the following is true with regard to Rawl's theory of justice?

A) Rawls argues for the priority of the right over the good.
B) Rawl is more concerned with developing maxims for judging the reasons or motives that individuals have for their actions than with developing principles to guide the design of society's institutions.
C) Rawls provides a theory of retributive justice set in the tradition of Descartes.
D) Rawls maintains that just principles are those that would be "chosen without ignorance" from a position in which one knows one's personal characteristics or the place one will subsequently have in society.

Question 50

Discuss paternalism.

Question 51

What is just according to Nozick?

A) whatever is the result of the voluntary actions of individuals
B) whatever is the result of the actions of individuals held under duress
C) whatever is the result of the actions taken by individuals to benefit a person without that person's consent
D) whatever is the result of the actions that are lawful but not ethical

Question 52

In the context of Rawls's principles of justice, which of the following does the equal liberty principle pertain to?

A) the freedom to act paternalistically
B) the freedom to wage war
C) the freedom to persecute minorities
D) the freedom of conscience

Question 53

Rawls provides a theory of distributive justice set in the tradition of the social contract theory of ________.

A) Hegel
B) Marx, Adorno, and Schopenhauer
C) Descartes
D) Locke, Rousseau, and Kant

Question 54

Distributive justice is concerned with ________.

A) the distribution of the rewards and burdens of social interactions
B) determining how individuals should be compensated for the harm done by others
C) punishment for actions that are contrary to a moral rule or societal well-being
D) the distribution of goods in society in a fair and equitable manner

Question 55

A general principle advanced in conceptions of justice is that an injustice is morally tolerated ________.

A) only if it is necessary to avoid a greater injustice
B) only if it protects the interest of the elite in the society
C) only if it protects traditionalism by resisting social change
D) only if it is necessary to avoid the negative aftermaths of social change