Deck 4: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

In the United States, _____ of births occur via c-section.

Answer 1

one-third (1/3) (34%) (34 percent) (thirty-four percent)

Question 2

Name four of the factors that contribute to low birthweight.

Answer 2

Low birthweight can be caused by 1) maternal drug use, 2) maternal smoking, 3) maternal underweight, 4) poor diet during pregnancy, 5) maternal failure to gain adequate weight in the last six months of pregnancy, 6) underage mother, and 7) polluted environment.

Question 3

A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is referred to as a(n) _____.

Answer 3

cesarean section (c-section) (section) (cesarean)

Question 4

During the embryonic period, the fingers form after the arms, and the toes form after the legs, reflecting the _____ pattern of development.

Question 5

The fetus usually gains at least _____ pounds in the third trimester.

Question 6

Describe kangaroo care and list two of its benefits.

Question 7

Define behavioral teratogens and name at least two common ones. State two potential consequences of exposure to them.

Question 8

Explain the procedure known as a cesarean section, and discuss at least two benefits and two risks associated with this kind of delivery.

Question 9

Describe the maternal symptoms of postpartum depression. What are two possible causes of postpartum depression?

Question 10

Define reflex. Describe the three kinds of reflexes that are necessary for newborn survival and give an example of each.

Question 11

_____ is the process in which the developing organism embeds itself into the lining of the uterus.

Question 12

Define couvade and give two examples.

Question 13

The point at which a fetus may survive if born early is known as the age of _____.

Question 14

On average, a first baby is born after _____ hours of active labor.

Question 15

List two of the hypotheses developed to explain the increase in low birthweight in the United States.

Question 16

The _____ is used to assess the newborn's health at one minute and five minutes after birth.

Question 17

Give a general description of the embryonic period. Detail the fetal status at the end of this period.

Question 18

A(n) _____ uses sound waves to generate an image of a fetus in utero.

Question 19

Describe the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period of prenatal development. Identify the length of each period and detail the major developmental milestones that occur during each period.

Question 20

Identify at least three teratogens. Since teratogens' impact depends on multiple factors, briefly describe two such factors.

Question 21

When Alexia was born she had a lack of oxygen for a brief amount of time. Alexia experienced _____.

Question 22

Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _____ teratogens.

Question 23

A laboratory test result that reports something as positive when in fact it is not positive is called a false _____.

Question 24

A(n) _____ is any agent or condition that increases the risk for prenatal abnormalities.

Question 25

In the United States, less than 1 percent of births occur at _____.

Question 26

_____ is the term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception.

Question 27

The _____ is delivered during the third stage of labor.

Question 28

After giving birth to her first child, Mae experienced a deep sadness that made caring for her child (and herself) difficult. Her husband noticed and called the family's doctor, who suggested that Mae might have _____.

Question 29

Most births in the United States take place in a(n) _____.

Question 30

Factors that contribute to the effect of a teratogen include the timing of exposure, the dose, and _____ factors.

Question 31

A newborn's involuntary response to a particular stimulus is a(n) _____.

Question 32

Newborn mortality is currently about 1 in _____ in the United States.

Question 33

Sammy is 5 years old and spends his day in a wheelchair because he can't control any of his muscles due to brain damage. Sammy's condition has been evident since birth. Sammy has _____.

Question 34

When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the _____ reflex.

Question 35

Risk of fetal _____ defects may be substantially reduced by a maternal diet adequate in folic acid.

Question 36

A woman who helps with the birth process, who is likely to arrive at the woman's home during early labor and later work alongside a hospital's staff, is called a(n) _____.

Question 37

Malek gained weight and experienced nausea when his wife, Elenor, was pregnant. Malek experienced _____.

Question 38

Some teratogens are not harmful unless exposure reaches a certain level; this is called the _____ effect.

Question 39

A father's presence at a child's birth _____ the likelihood of birth complications.

Question 40

Violeta is in labor and is in a sitting position. This decision has been influenced by Violeta's _____.

Question 41

By the end of the _____ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 42

About _____ percent of natural conceptions never implant.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 43

Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to include the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. In which order should Cindy list the periods?

A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic

Question 44

As part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _____.

A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord

Question 45

The parent-infant _____ is the strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn.

Question 46

Johnny's mom is four months pregnant. Johnny is eager for the arrival of the new baby and asks, "How many more months until I'm a big brother?" His mother says that he has to wait about _____ more months.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 47

At the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appears. It will eventually become the neural tube.

A) stem cell
B) spinal cord
C) primitive streak
D) placenta

Question 48

A pregnant woman is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development. She is surprised by the size of the embryo's head when she sees the image on the screen. The doctor reassures her that this is typical and that it is due to the _____ pattern of development.

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 49

A(n) _____ is a commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising the child.

Question 50

During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is _____.

A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) germination
D) implantation

Question 51

About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a shell that will become the _____.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) embryo
D) infant

Question 52

The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.

A) 2 days
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 12 weeks

Question 53

In the fourth week after conception, a minuscule blood vessel that will become the _____ begins to pulsate.

A) lungs
B) stomach
C) kidneys
D) heart

Question 54

Jenny just learned that she is six weeks pregnant. She is in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) second

Question 55

The third period of gestation is the _____ period.

A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 56

The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) proximodistal
D) germinal

Question 57

The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception.

A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 58

Prenatally, development happens in a "near-to-far" pattern known as _____.

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 59

_____ is a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests.

Question 60

During the germinal period of prenatal development, cells take on distinct characteristics and gravitate toward particular locations. The term for this process is _____.

A) duplication
B) division
C) differentiation
D) specialization

Question 61

The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _____.

A) weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms)
B) having adequate brain development
C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems
D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception

Question 62

A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale. Three of the five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital signs that the medical team is concerned about are _____.

A) muscle tone and heartbeat
B) respiratory effect and color
C) muscle tone and reflex irritability
D) reflex irritability and respiratory effect

Question 63

The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____.

A) evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities
B) evaluate the health of the new mother
C) help the mother recover from childbirth
D) evaluate the health of the newborn

Question 64

When healthy babies are born, they usually _____.

A) do not breathe on their own until the umbilical cord is cut
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord is cut

Question 65

Most births in the United States take place in _____.

A) birthing centers
B) hospital labor rooms
C) homes
D) pools of water

Question 66

Which step is usually done immediately after birth?

A) Mucus in the baby's throat is removed.
B) The baby is placed in an incubator.
C) Umbilical cord blood is drawn.
D) The baby is assessed for eye color.

Question 67

An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. In the United States, less than _____ of births occur at home.

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent

Question 68

On average, fetuses gain about _____ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birthweight to about 7.5 pounds.

A) 1.5
B) 2.5
C) 4.5
D) 6.5

Question 69

In a first birth, the average length of active labor is _____.

A) several days
B) about 14 hours
C) about 8 hours
D) about 2 hours

Question 70

Tina went into labor at her home. Joan arrived soon after and began to time Tina's contractions and give gentle massages. Joan assisted Tina and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process. Joan was Tina's _____.

A) postpartum nurse
B) doctor
C) couvade
D) doula

Question 71

Henry was just given the five-minute Apgar and his score was 4. This means Henry is _____.

A) experiencing good health
B) a slow-to-warm-up infant
C) in need of emergency medical attention
D) in average health

Question 72

In the transition stage of labor, the _____.

A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) baby's head moves through the birth canal
D) placenta is delivered

Question 73

At around 38 weeks after conception, the _____ starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.

A) fetal brain
B) maternal brain
C) placenta
D) germinal period

Question 74

The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____.

A) might survive outside the uterus
B) begins to move
C) will be born without defects
D) has developed all of its major organs

Question 75

In the second stage of labor, the _____.

A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) baby's head moves through the birth canal
D) placenta is delivered

Question 76

What happens to the central nervous system during the fetal period of development?

A) It goes through a process of regeneration.
B) Synapses decrease in number.
C) It becomes active, regulating heart rate and breathing.
D) The number of neurons decreases.

Question 77

Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He is now a healthy, happy 2-year-old. Harry's ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the _____.

A) term of postnatal development
B) germinal period
C) neurogenesis point
D) age of viability

Question 78

In the first stage of labor, the _____.

A) cervix dilates to allow passage of the baby's head
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contractions
D) placenta is delivered

Question 79

In the third stage of labor, the _____.

A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contractions
D) placenta is delivered

Question 80

A person who supports a mother through the birth process from early labor at home through delivery at home or in a hospital is called a _____.

A) humanitarian
B) doctor
C) postpartum nurse
D) doula