Deck 16: Adolescence: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Identify at least four factors that may have contributed to the decrease in adolescent crime in the United States and many other nations over the past 20 years.

Answer 1

Many possibilities have been suggested: 1) fewer high school dropouts (more education means less crime); 2) wiser judges (who now have community service as an option); 3) better policing (arrests for misdemeanors are up, which may warn parents); 4) smaller families (parents are more attentive to fewer children); 5) better contraception and legal abortion ("wanted" children are less likely to become criminals); 6) stricter drug laws (binge drinking and crack use increase crime); 7) more immigrants in the population (they tend to be more law-abiding); and 8) less lead in children's environment (early lead poisoning reduces brain functioning). Level of

Question 2

Define suicidal ideation and parasuicide. How do the rates of suicidal ideation, parasuicide, and completed suicide compare for adolescent males and females in the United States?

Answer 2

Suicidal ideation refers to serious thoughts about killing oneself and peaks at around age 15. Parasuicide is an attempted suicide (also called failed suicide) but can include any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal-such as jumping in front of a moving vehicle. The difference between parasuicide and completed suicide may be luck and prompt treatment, not intent.
Although the rates of suicidal ideation and parasuicide are higher for females, the rate of completed suicide is higher for males. In the United States, adolescent boys kill themselves four times more often than girls do. The reason is most likely method: Males typically use immediately lethal methods, such as shooting, jumping from high places, and hanging. Females more often use methods that are not immediately lethal, such as swallowing pills and slitting wrists. Such methods allow time for intervention and second thoughts. Level of

Question 3

Sierra's mother says, "I've asked you three times to empty the dishwasher! Get up and empty it right now!" Sierra retorts, "Why do I have to do it?" Back and forth they go, _____ about day-to-day concerns.

Answer 3

bickering

Question 4

Describe three characteristics of first love. In addition, provide sex differences, rates of sexual intercourse, and issues relevant to same-sex-oriented teens.

Question 5

Discuss at least two problems caused by alcohol, two problems caused by tobacco, and two problems caused by marijuana use in adolescents.

Question 6

_____ is a type of parent-adolescent conflict that is usually repeated and ongoing and concerns small day-to-day matters.

Question 7

Define and give an example of both gender identity and gender role.

Question 8

_____ is characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values.

Question 9

_____ includes the roles and behaviors that society associates with the cultural and social characteristics appropriate for males and females.

Question 10

According to Erikson, the four aspects of identity are _____, political, vocational, and sexual.

Question 11

James Marcia identified three specific ways in which young people cope with the identity crisis before they reach identity achievement. Name and describe all three.

Question 12

When young people accept traditional values without question, it is called identity _____.

Question 13

Parental _____ refers to parents being aware of where their children are and what they are doing.

Question 14

A new acquaintance claims that he "fell in with the wrong crowd" in adolescence and as a result engaged in many delinquent activities that he wouldn't have otherwise done. Evaluate this claim based on what you learned from the chapter.

Question 15

Identify three sources for information about sex during adolescence. What kind of information does each source provide?

Question 16

Describe the types of conflict that are most common between parents and adolescents and when the conflict peaks and dissipates. Discuss what this conflict might indicate about the family.

Question 17

What is rumination and how does it relate to depression in adolescent girls?

Question 18

According to Erikson, the crisis in adolescence is resolved with identity _____.

Question 19

The process of identity exploration today takes _____ time than it typically did in the twentieth century.

Question 20

Family closeness has four aspects: communication, support, _____, and control.

Question 21

In early adolescence, adolescents are _____ susceptible to peer pressure, either positive or negative.

Question 22

Peers can provide _____, whereby one teen shows another how to rebel against social norms.

Question 23

_____ describes the direction of a person's erotic desires.

Question 24

The term _____ offender refers to individuals whose criminal activity stops by age 21.

Question 25

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n) _____.

A) soul mate
B) career
C) set of behaviors to please others
D) understanding of oneself

Question 26

Most worrisome is drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes before age _____, because early use escalates.

Question 27

Students are often in _____ school when the first romances appear.

Question 28

"Dad, I've been invited to a party on Friday night at Tucker's house," says Elizabeth His parents will be there, and I'll be home by midnight. Can I go?" Because Elizabeth's father practices parental _____, Elizabeth knows that she needs to inform him about where she's going to be, what she's going to be doing, and with whom.

Question 29

Suicidal _____ refers to thinking about suicide.

Question 30

When an adolescent suicide is well publicized and seems to make a strong impression on other adolescents in the community, adults must be alert to prevent _____.

Question 31

One negative effect of _____ is that it impairs digestion and nutrition and slows growth.

Question 32

According to one study, sexual content appears about seven times per hour in the TV shows most watched by _____.

Question 33

Both the prevalence and incidence of drug use _____ from about ages 10 to 25.

Question 34

In adolescence, _____ can be negative, such as when it promotes conformance to deviant standards, or positive, such as when it promotes refraining from smoking.

Question 35

Boys are particularly likely to learn about sex from _____.

Question 36

_____, or mentally replaying past experiences, contributes to depression, especially in girls.

Question 37

Research confirms that parental example and _____ changes are influential factors in an adolescent's drug use.

Question 38

_____ includes any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal.

Question 39

Bisanne would like to join the lacrosse team at school, but her parents really need her to help out after school in the family convenience store. Because Bisanne came from a culture that stresses _____, she decides to sacrifice her personal freedom and work at the family store.

Question 40

_____ forgetting is the idea that each new generation disregards what the previous generation learned.

Question 41

In the United States, one way for some to legitimatize an identity moratorium is to _____.

A) go to college
B) get married
C) have a baby
D) smoke marijuana

Question 42

The identity status characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values was originally called identity _____.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 43

According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

Question 44

The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as _____.

A) identity diffusion
B) role confusion
C) negative identity
D) moratorium

Question 45

According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of _____.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) independence versus neediness
D) integration versus separation

Question 46

Role confusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents _____.

A) pause during their identity formation to explore alternatives
B) form their identity prematurely
C) do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role
D) understand who they are as connected to everything they have learned

Question 47

Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing _____.

A) an appropriate adult "hero figure"
B) values and goals opposite to the destructive identities of media stars
C) to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others
D) one sexual role and sticking with it, regardless of the consequences

Question 48

During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically _____.

A) ignore their future roles and responsibilities
B) take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions
C) change their identity from that of their youth
D) adopt their parents' views after having tested them on their own

Question 49

An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is _____.

A) dropping out of high school
B) choosing a different career path than what parents wanted
C) being eager to vote
D) working in the family business because it is expected

Question 50

Role confusion is typically characterized by _____.

A) no focus on or concern about the future
B) foreclosure
C) following one's heart
D) commitment to a cause

Question 51

Following Erikson's lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways in which young people cope with the identity crisis.

A) Baumrind
B) Freud
C) Marcia
D) Skinner

Question 52

Barrett is serving a two-year mission for his church at the age of 19. When he returns home from his mission assignment, he will decide whether or not to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Barrett's current status is identity _____.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 53

Which adolescent appears to be experiencing role confusion?

A) Jeannine, who runs away from a pressured home environment and joins a commune
B) Fred, who is pressured by his parents to become a doctor
C) Barbara, a college student who frequently changes majors
D) Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with his friends

Question 54

According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to _____.

A) abandon parental goals
B) find one's own identity
C) attain independence from one's peer group
D) form an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex

Question 55

Harold readily adopted his parent's political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

Question 56

Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, "Whatever." Andrew's response indicates _____.

A) role confusion
B) identity achievement
C) identity foreclosure
D) moratorium

Question 57

Angel's parents wanted him to be part of the family business-and Angel planned to do so. Then, at age 21, he decided to leave the business to study to be a lawyer. Angel resisted _____.

A) identity foreclosure
B) forced conversion
C) role repudiation
D) negative identity

Question 58

When a person adopts his or her parents' or society's roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 59

Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question _____

A) "What am I going to do with my life?"
B) "Will I ever find someone to love?"
C) "Who am I?"
D) "Why don't my parents understand me?"

Question 60

Without any thoughtful consideration, Sean took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Sean has adopted a(n) _____.

A) negative identity
B) positive identity
C) non-identity
D) over identity

Question 61

According to Erikson, what is one of the four aspects of identity?

A) physical
B) political
C) familial
D) economic

Question 62

_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they have grown up.

A) Few
B) About half of all
C) About three-fourths of all
D) Almost all

Question 63

In typical relationships, one would expect the most bickering between _____.

A) grandparents and teens
B) adolescents and older siblings
C) mothers and daughters
D) fathers and sons

Question 64

Several researchers have compared parent-child relationships in various cultures and have found that parent-child communication and encouragement benefit adolescents, reducing the risk for _____.

A) depression
B) high self-esteem
C) low self-monitoring
D) obesity

Question 65

Among teenagers who strongly endorse familism, _____.

A) rebellion and crime are higher
B) skipping school and poor school performance are higher
C) school attendance is higher and gang membership is lower
D) gang membership is higher, and carrying a weapon is more likely

Question 66

Some parent-child bickering during the adolescent years may indicate _____.

A) a disturbed parent-child relationship
B) poor parenting skills
C) teenage depression
D) a healthy family

Question 67

Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl, it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique's _____.

A) sex
B) gender identity
C) sexual orientation
D) gender

Question 68

Bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to _____.

A) be about religious beliefs
B) signal pathology in the family
C) concern personal habits and dress
D) increase steadily between the ages of 13 and 19

Question 69

The cultural norm of familism leads some adolescents to allow their parents to make decisions for them. Most U.S. teenagers _____.

A) endorse the concept of familism
B) deliberately challenge their parents' decisions and beliefs
C) agree with their parents' decisions and therefore feel no need to challenge them
D) believe that their parents have their own best interests at heart, not their teen's

Question 70

Gender refers to _____.

A) the cultural or social attributes of being male or female
B) the biological characteristics of being male or female
C) homophobia
D) one's sexual orientation

Question 71

Today, vocational identity often takes _____ to establish, and most work demands very specific skills that cannot be learned except on the job.

A) days
B) months
C) years
D) decades

Question 72

At what point in development is fluidity and uncertainty regarding sex and gender most common?

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) early adolescence
D) emerging adulthood

Question 73

People's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity.

A) gender
B) ethnic
C) heterosexual
D) foreclosed

Question 74

Research indicates that adolescents who work 20 hours a week or more _____.

A) save more money for college
B) are more likely to love their work in adulthood
C) create a stronger vocational identity early on
D) tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

Question 75

The cultural norm of familism often _____.

A) demands that individual family members take care of themselves at a very early age
B) fails to provide family members with a cushion during stressful life experiences
C) requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole family
D) undermines familial solidarity

Question 76

Sandra is in her bedroom with her mother. Sandra's mother exclaims, "You need to get these clothes off the floor right now!" Sandra replies, "It's my room and I will leave things where I want." Sandra's mother responds, "I am your mother and you will do what I say." This is an example of _____.

A) bickering
B) open communication
C) parental monitoring
D) family bonds

Question 77

In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in _____.

A) late childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) emerging adulthood

Question 78

Which statement is an example of a gender role?

A) A man should be the primary wage earner.
B) A baby is born with reproductive organs for both sexes.
C) A biological male decides to undergo an operation to become a woman.
D) A woman decides to try dating men and women.

Question 79

Alex has decided to pursue a career in music, even though his parents want him to study medicine. Alex has decided not to share his future career plans with his parents. Alex is most likely from _____.

A) the United States
B) Chile
C) the Philippines
D) Hong Kong

Question 80

After a period of frequent bickering, Brittany and her parents are getting along much better. What is the best explanation for the new improvement in their relationship?

A) Brittany is showing less resistance and more placation.
B) Brittany's parents have adjusted to her increasing needs for independence and egalitarianism.
C) Brittany has a more developed prefrontal cortex.
D) Brittany has engaged in more self-reflection and humility.