Deck 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

A father is in the living room with his 1-year-old daughter. Suddenly, loud music blares next door. What would be a typical child's response and what is it based upon?

Answer 1

The child will immediately look to her father to see how he responds. She will reflect his response. Thus, if he acts startled or upset, she will too. This is due to social referencing, in which the child looks to a trusted person to see whether a new event or person is something to embrace, fear, or ignore.

Question 2

An infant's fear of being left alone by a parent or other caregiver is called _____.

Answer 2

separation anxiety

Question 3

Compare the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives on early childhood personality development.

Answer 3

From the perspective of behaviorism, emotions and personality are molded as parents reinforce or punish a child. Behaviorists also acknowledge that children's personalities are influenced by social learning from other significant people in the environment.
Psychoanalysts believe that unconscious processes are the sole factors that influence personality. These are shaped through the child's early interactions, especially with parents. Whether their natural impulses to use their mouths during the oral stage and to control their bowels during the anal stage are indulged or frustrated will determine whether the child will develop positively or will develop a fixation.

Question 4

What is a working model, and how does a 1-year-old child develop one? Give an example of how a working model could change from negative to positive over time.

Question 5

Explain the role that social awareness plays in the development of pride and shame. What role does culture play in the development of pride and shame?

Question 6

Describe how evolutionary theory explains how infants' early emotions are essential to their survival.

Question 7

Baby Jordan first met her grandmother when she was just days old. Their second meeting was at Jordan's first birthday party. However, Jordan wanted nothing to do with her grandmother, whose feelings were deeply hurt. Jordan's behavior may be explained by _____.

Question 8

Define proximal parenting and distal parenting practices. What are the outcomes of each type? What motivates parents to engage in one type over the other?

Question 9

Most developmentalists agree that the _____ is directly connected to emotional self-regulation.

Question 10

Describe synchrony and examine its role in infant development. Give three outcomes that may occur if little or no synchrony is apparent in an infant's life.

Question 11

The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable across time and situations is what psychologists call _____.

Question 12

Why does a child use social referencing?

Question 13

An infant who cries when an unknown person approaches is displaying _____.

Question 14

Briefly discuss three predictors of secure attachment in infants.

Question 15

Children's realization that they are separate persons with minds, bodies, and behaviors separate from those around them is called _____.

Question 16

Name at least four conditions that can result in an insecure attachment between infants and caregivers. What might be done to improve the level of attachment?

Question 17

The infant's smile that appears whenever mother peeks over the side of the crib and makes a funny face is called a(n) _____ smile.

Question 18

Develop a time line for achieving the following attachment milestones. Give the approximate age at which infants typically:
1) recognize familiar people
2) respond to others' facial expressions in the still-face experiment
3) exhibit a style of attachment to caregivers
4) recognize themselves in a mirror
5) exhibit social referencing

Question 19

Diana is meeting her friend's 1-year-old daughter for the first time. How can she and her friend use the child's social referencing to allow Diana to approach the child? List at least three factors that will determine the child's response.

Question 20

The part of the brain known as the _____ may develop more slowly in an infant who is frequently frightened.

Question 21

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, an infant with colic would be classified as _____.

Question 22

The _____ experiments are used to test the importance of synchrony in normal development.

Question 23

The child who first hits her mother and then kisses her with a blank expression would be classified as displaying _____ attachment.

Question 24

The "proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors of the 12-month-old infant are evidenced by the affectionate tie that Ainsworth called _____.

Question 25

In their study of "temperamental individuality," New York Longitudinal Study researchers found that infants can be characterized as _____, difficult, hard-to-classify, or slow-to-warm-up.

Question 26

A 12-month-old girl who shows no distress at her mother's departure and is also indifferent to her return is probably displaying _____ attachment.

Question 27

_____ begins to form before birth and influences relationships throughout life.

Question 28

When infants watch other people for emotional cues in uncertain situations, they are engaging in _____.

Question 29

Research on the developmental progression of adopted Romanian infants reveals that early _____, not genetics, was the most likely cause of their later problems.

Question 30

_____ tend to engage their infants in more active play than the infant's other parent does.

Question 31

The temperamental traits that are most likely to change and resolve themselves by the age of 4 are inhibition and _____.

Question 32

The term for the patterned "waltz" of mutual exchange between parent and infant is _____.

Question 33

Research on the roles of fathers and mothers in infant care reveals that they cooperate and complement each other in a well-functioning family; however, mothers tend to be the usual _____.

Question 34

The _____ is the classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment by evoking an infant's reaction to stress.

Question 35

When a baby discovers that her world is a fairly predictable place in which her needs are met by a responsive caregiver, Erikson would say that she has resolved the crisis of _____ versus mistrust.

Question 36

A 12-month-old boy who clings anxiously to his mother and cries loudly every time the mother moves toward the door is probably demonstrating insecure-_____/ambivalent attachment.

Question 37

Psychologists from the _____ school of thought believe that a child's personality is "created" or largely determined by his or her parents.

Question 38

According to Freud, if a parent is too strict with toilet training, it can result in a child who is fixated in the _____ stage.

Question 39

One-year-old Jacob follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in a chair. He is exhibiting his attachment to her through _____-seeking behavior.

Question 40

According to Erikson, the central crisis of toddlerhood is _____ versus shame and doubt.

Question 41

Andrew has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. How old is Andrew likely to be?

A) 6 weeks
B) 2 months
C) 6 months
D) 10 months

Question 42

According to cognitive theory, the set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences is called a _____ model.

Question 43

The two choices of infant care described in the text are parental care and _____.

Question 44

A long-term effect that has been seen among sad and angry infants whose mothers are depressed is fearfulness in _____.

A) the toddler years
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 45

Baby Khalil cries uncontrollably for hours on end. He is displaying ______.

A) reflux
B) reflexive
C) colic
D) excessive

Question 46

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

Question 47

An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____.

A) sadness
B) fear
C) frustration
D) shame

Question 48

Some infants have bouts of uncontrollable crying, called ______.

A) reflux
B) reflexive
C) colic
D) excessive

Question 49

Which of these emotions is the last to develop in an infant?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 50

At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is likely to be _____.

A) fear of strangers
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise
C) a social smile
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy

Question 51

Which of these emotions is the first to develop in an infant?

A) joy
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 52

When he was an infant, Chang participated in a research study during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

Question 53

One element of day care that researchers agree is extremely important is the _____ of the day-care setting.

Question 54

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

A) sadness
B) anger
C) well-being
D) secure attachment

Question 55

Later theorists in the behaviorist tradition included the role of _____ learning in explaining how personality traits form.

Question 56

Roseanne is several hours old. Which emotion is already apparent?

A) social smile
B) pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers

Question 57

In a cross-cultural study examining child-rearing practices, it was demonstrated that toddlers with _____ mothers were more obedient but less self-aware than toddlers with distal mothers.

Question 58

Holly wants her daughter to grow up to be self-reliant and independent. She uses _____ parenting practices to accomplish this goal.

Question 59

Which type of face does a typical 6-month-old prefer looking at?

A) male
B) female
C) sad
D) happy

Question 60

Tang is a 3-month-old infant. Which behavior is he likely to have just recently begun displaying?

A) social smile
B) laughter
C) sadness
D) fear

Question 61

Sarah and David are ready to leave for their first date night in months. The babysitter has arrived and 18-month-old Gideon seems content playing with her, so Mom and Dad say, "See you soon!" and open the front door. Gideon howls, "Noooooo!" and runs to block his parents' exit. What emotional development is Gideon displaying?

A) separation anxiety
B) social smile
C) stranger wariness
D) insecure attachment

Question 62

How should an adult respond to a toddler's temper tantrum?

A) anger
B) teasing
C) logic
D) comfort

Question 63

Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

A) Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
B) Her prefrontal lobes will be overdeveloped.
C) Her dendrites will likely overdevelop.
D) Her anterior cingulate gyrus will be damaged.

Question 64

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

A) joy, distress, fear, and anger
B) pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
C) joy, fear, shame, and guilt
D) pride, shame, joy, and anger

Question 65

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This proves that the child has some _____.

A) dynamic perception
B) perceptual constancy
C) social referencing
D) self-awareness

Question 66

Which characteristic must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment

Question 67

Research has found that a person's temperament is _____.

A) highly variable from one country to the next
B) determined almost entirely by parenting
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
D) created during early social interactions

Question 68

Emotional reactions, especially those connected to separation anxiety, are partially dependent upon _____.

A) self-recognition
B) self-control
C) memory
D) embarrassment

Question 69

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first _____.

A) develop long-term memory skills
B) develop language to express those emotions
C) gain an awareness of other people
D) have experienced punishment

Question 70

Mary Ann is 9 months old. Her mom dressed her up in her new Christmas outfit and took her to get a picture with Santa. Her mom was disappointed that Mary Ann reacted to Santa with fear instead of excitement. What emotional development is Mary Ann displaying?

A) separation anxiety
B) social smile
C) stranger wariness
D) insecure attachment

Question 71

Which statement is correct?

A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A 5-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) A 13-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

Question 72

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called _____.

A) stranger wariness
B) extrafamilial fear
C) fear of the unknown
D) separation anxiety

Question 73

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting _____.

A) general anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) solitary fear
D) fear of isolation

Question 74

Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.

Question 75

When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely _____.

A) a newborn
B) 3 months old
C) 7 months old
D) 12 months old

Question 76

Which specific part of the brain is responsible for the development of the social smile and laughter?

A) the cortex
B) the anterior cingulate gyrus
C) the anterior hypothalamus
D) the amygdala

Question 77

Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?

A) Tammi will be more upset than Dawn.
B) Dawn will show more distress than Tammi.
C) Both Tammi and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.

Question 78

What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) edgy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) hyper
D) angry

Question 79

Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 80

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months