Deck 8: Early Childhood: Biosocial Development

Question 1

It is common for young children to show _____, sticking to one thought or action.

Answer 1

perseveration

Question 2

Myelination results in more rapid _____ of neural impulses.

Answer 2

transmission (movement)

Question 3

By the age of 2, a human's brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

Answer 3

75

Question 4

The average weight for a typical 6-year-old child is between 40 and _____ pounds.

Question 5

Monique wants to help her 3-year-old son develop healthy eating habits. Advise her about what to expect in her son's eating behavior and how to avoid nutritional deficiencies and obesity.

Question 6

Describe gross and fine motor skills, providing at least two examples of each.

Question 7

Explain the role of the prefrontal cortex in early childhood. What changes occur in a child's behavior as a result of the maturing prefrontal cortex?

Question 8

How could one intervene at each level of prevention to address child maltreatment? Provide an example of each and describe the difficulties that one might encounter in the implementation of these interventions.

Question 9

As the _____ cortex matures, social understanding develops.

Question 10

Discuss how growth rate affects the eating habits of preschool children, and name at least three of the most common nutritional problems of preschoolers.

Question 11

Discuss the role of the corpus callosum in children's brain development. What is it, what does it do, and what happens if it does not develop correctly?

Question 12

A child can't find her teddy bear at bedtime; she begins to cry uncontrollably and is still crying until she falls asleep half an hour later. Her crying is an example of _____.

Question 13

Describe at least four ways in which the growth in the corpus callosum improves children's capabilities.

Question 14

Most of the increase in brain weight after infancy is due to _____.

Question 15

It is normal for young children to display poor _____ control, being incapable of sustained attention to tasks.

Question 16

Explain the important function of myelination in the nervous system. Mention at least four factors.

Question 17

Name at least three of the primary types of dangers to children age 2 to 6 years. Explain the three levels of injury prevention and provide an example of each.

Question 18

Define child maltreatment and mention the reasons for discrepancies between reported and substantiated child maltreatment.

Question 19

Name three immediate problems and three long-term consequences that can result from child maltreatment.

Question 20

Between the ages of 1 and 6, appetite _____.

Question 21

We can tell whether children are upset by a fire alarm by measuring the amount of _____ in their saliva.

Question 22

Buttoning a sweater is an example of a(n) _____ motor skill.

Question 23

The relationship between _____ and brain activity shows that both too much and too little can impair learning.

Question 24

With _____ prevention, one tries to prevent harm from ever occurring.

Question 25

In most adults, the brain is organized in such a way that the areas of language development are located in the _____ hemisphere of the brain.

Question 26

Pumping a swing is an example of a(n) _____ motor skill.

Question 27

The right side of the brain controls the _____ side of the body.

Question 28

In the United States, the leading cause of childhood death is _____.

Question 29

The _____ is the part of the brain that allows children to coordinate functions that involve both halves of the body.

Question 30

With _____ prevention, which begins after the harm has occurred, a person acts to limit further damage.

Question 31

_____ is the term used to describe the specialization of the brain so that one side of the body or brain is dominant for certain functions.

Question 32

With _____ prevention, one tries to prevent harm in a high-risk situation.

Question 33

Young Sophie has been troubled by frightening nightmares. The part of her brain that registers her fear is the _____.

Question 34

The band of nerve fibers connecting the two halves of the brain is known as the _____.

Question 35

Child _____ occurs when a parent fails to fulfill a child's basic needs.

Question 36

Child _____ occurs when a parent takes deliberate action to cause harm.

Question 37

A major environmental hazard for young urban children is _____, which can cause asthma and respiratory problems.

Question 38

A high level of _____ in a child's blood has been linked to reduced intelligence and increased behavioral problems.

Question 39

The number of _____ maltreatment cases is far greater than the number of substantiated maltreatment cases.

Question 40

In dealing with childhood accidents, public health workers prefer to use the term _____ rather than accident prevention.

Question 41

Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are likely to say, _____.

A) "She isn't eating enough"
B) "She eats too much"
C) "She has no control over her appetite"
D) "She is suffering from malnutrition"

Question 42

Over the past century in developed nations, what has been the trend in children's health and body growth?

A) Children have gone from suffering malnutrition to being healthy.
B) Children have become more impoverished, leading to malnutrition.
C) Children have become less impoverished, which has led to malnutrition.
D) Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition.

Question 43

Donald's body mass index (BMI) is currently the lowest that it will be for his whole life. Donald is most likely _____ years old.

A) 1 to 2
B) 5 to 6
C) 9 to 10
D) 13 to 14

Question 44

A safe and effective way to decrease allergic reaction to peanuts in preschool children is to _____.

A) totally avoid all foods containing peanuts
B) ban peanut products from schools
C) carefully give allergic children a tiny bit of peanut powder
D) ban the sale of peanut products

Question 45

Leisha grew 4.5 inches and gained 3 pounds last year. About how many years old is Leisha likely to be?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 11

Question 46

Nathan is Canadian, and he weighs 55 pounds. About how many years old is he likely to be?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 47

A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____.

A) 1 and 2
B) 5 and 6
C) 9 and 10
D) 13 and 14

Question 48

Five-year-old Kimberly has a food allergy. She is most likely allergic to _____.

A) soy
B) rice
C) oats
D) bananas

Question 49

The average 6-year-old child from a developed nation weighs _____ pounds.

A) 20 to 30
B) 30 to 40
C) 40 to 50
D) 50 to 60

Question 50

To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?

A) Eat six to eight times a day.
B) Take vitamin and mineral supplements.
C) Eat breakfast cereals that contain 100 percent of the day's nutrients and vitamins.
D) Eat a wide variety of fresh foods.

Question 51

In developed nations, which nutrients are apt to be lacking in a child's diet?

A) calcium, iron, and zinc
B) B vitamins
C) magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin D
D) vitamin C and vitamin E

Question 52

Today's children around the world are more likely to suffer from the nutritional problem of _____.

A) overeating
B) undernutrition
C) underweight
D) too much traditional food

Question 53

Each year between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about 4.5 pounds and grow about _____ inches.

A) 3
B) 4.5
C) 6
D) 10

Question 54

When considering children's health and body growth, what is most different between 5-year-old Gregg's cohort and his 80-year-old great-grandfather's cohort?

A) Children have gone from suffering malnutrition to being healthy.
B) Children have become more impoverished, leading to malnutrition.
C) Children have become less impoverished, which has led to malnutrition.
D) Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition.

Question 55

A child who acts fearful, has a sensitive startle reaction, and exhibits quick, aggressive responses may be the victim of _____.

Question 56

A child's appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6.

A) increases slightly
B) increases dramatically
C) stays the same
D) decreases

Question 57

Olivia's mother is concerned about her nutrition. If she's like most 5-year-olds around the developed world, she probably suffers from the nutritional problem of _____.

A) overeating
B) undernutrition
C) underweight
D) too much traditional food

Question 58

A common food allergy for young children is _____.

A) soy
B) rice
C) oats
D) bananas

Question 59

Child neglect is _____ times more common than child abuse.

Question 60

Intervening when a high-risk situation has been identified would be considered _____ prevention.

Question 61

On which task do human 2 -year-olds outstrip chimpanzees and orangutans?

A) physical cognition
B) climbing
C) pointing
D) hopping

Question 62

Which is the primary difference between the brain of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Jim, his father?

A) Tarik's brain is about 75 percent of the size of Jim's.
B) Jim's brain has more activity in the corpus callosum than Tarik's.
C) Tarik's brain is the same weight at Jim's.
D) Jim's brain is less lateralized than Tarik's.

Question 63

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is _____.

A) myelination
B) the corpus callosum
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the axon cord

Question 64

Myelination is important because it _____.

A) connects the two halves of the brain
B) compensates for loss of brain function due to injury
C) promotes regular childhood sleep patterns
D) speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

Question 65

Researchers had 4-year-old children sort picture cards by shape and then asked the children to sort the same cards by color. They found that children under the age of 4 had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern. This outcome illustrates the 4-year-old's tendency for_____.

A) impulsiveness
B) emotional regulation
C) perseveration
D) habituation

Question 66

Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to _____.

A) the growth of her corpus callosum
B) her arms and legs growing longer
C) her brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in her diet

Question 67

Which of the following people are most likely to have a thicker corpus callosum?

A) right-handed people
B) older people
C) younger people
D) left-handed people

Question 68

According to your text, some researchers believe autism may be due to _____.

A) rigid myelination
B) abnormal development of the corpus callosum
C) lesions in the prefrontal cortex
D) incomplete axon cords

Question 69

During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting _____.

A) impulsiveness
B) emotional regulation
C) perseveration
D) habituation

Question 70

Elise is beginning to learn how to write. She can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with her other hand. This new ability to coordinate the duties of her right and left hands is likely due to _____.

A) the growth of her corpus callosum
B) her arms and legs growing longer
C) her brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in her diet

Question 71

Kirsten, a 4-year-old, is playing with her building blocks. Her mother announces that they have to leave to pick up Kirsten's sister. Kirsten launches into a tantrum. What is the explanation for Kirsten's reaction?

A) Kirsten is perseverating on the building blocks.
B) Kirsten is spoiled.
C) Kirsten's mother should have given a warning.
D) Four-year-olds throw frequent tantrums.

Question 72

JongHyun is able to play "Go Fish," a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change most directly supports his ability to think quickly?

A) hypothalamic functioning
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 73

Which statement about oral health is true?

A) It is not necessary to brush until children start to lose their baby teeth.
B) Almost all young children in the United States have been to the dentist.
C) Diet soda is a good option to help prevent tooth decay in children.
D) It is vital for children in early childhood to brush their teeth every day.

Question 74

The ability to play "Simon Says" successfully appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex.

A) auditory
B) prefrontal
C) visual
D) thalamus

Question 75

A 2-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight.

A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80

Question 76

The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called _____.

A) myelination
B) action potential
C) transmission
D) perseveration

Question 77

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to _____.

A) eating healthy foods
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 78

A disorder that research has suggested may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is _____.

A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) extreme impulsivity
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 79

Regis, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His younger brother, Mark, is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the explanation for Regis's superior performance?

A) Regis most likely eats healthier foods than Mark.
B) Regis's brain has experienced greater myelination than Mark's.
C) Regis's frontal cortex is less mature than Mark's.
D) Regis has fewer dendrites than Mark.

Question 80

Megyn is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool. She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still, to continue working on the craft, and to stop interfering with her classmate's work. What is the most likely explanation for Megyn's behavior?

A) She is not artistically inclined.
B) She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.
C) She is not yet mature enough to be in preschool.
D) She has a personality disorder.