Deck 5: The First Two Years: Biosocial Development

Question 1

_____ are used to interpret how one person's growth compares to another.

Answer 1

Percentiles

Question 2

The tendency of brain development to be protected, even when temporary factors affect the body's growth, is referred to as _____.

Answer 2

head-sparing

Question 3

Describe parent/child sleeping practices from two different cultural perspectives. What is the reason for the particular practice in each culture?

Answer 3

In many U.S. families, infants have traditionally slept in cribs and in their own rooms where they are separated from parental sexual interactions. In these families, the primary concern appears to be about privacy. In contrast, infants in Asia, Africa, and Latin America have often slept with their parents, based on the belief that separating infants from their parents is cruel and that infant crying at night signals distress. Many poor Western families still find ways to create separate baby rooms, while many wealthy Japanese families choose to co-sleep. Thus, it appears that these sleeping patterns are influenced more by culture than SES.

Question 4

The fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons is called a(n) _____.

Question 5

Explain the ways in which the developing brain attempts to protect itself under adverse circumstances such as malnutrition or neglect.

Question 6

Describe what immunizations do for the individual and public health. Tell what might happen if children are not immunized.

Question 7

Explain the changes that occur within the infant brain during the first two years of life and discuss the importance of pruning.

Question 8

Explain how biology and environment interact in the development of gross motor skills. What would you advise for parents who are worried that their 14-month-old baby hasn't begun walking independently yet?

Question 9

The area of the brain that is least mature at birth is the _____.

Question 10

Between 12 and 24 months, growth takes place at a _____ rate than in the first year.

Question 11

Name three ways in which malnutrition can affect a young child.

Question 12

List three of the advantages and two of the disadvantages of breast-feeding.

Question 13

The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called _____.

Question 14

Infants typically double their birthweight by the _____ month of life.

Question 15

Differentiate between experience-dependent and experience-expectant circumstances and provide an example of each.

Question 16

Describe the typical changes in weight and length that the average baby will experience across his or her first year of life. Explain the meaning of percentile rankings.

Question 17

Describe how developed each of the five senses is at birth and how they further develop during the first months of life.

Question 18

The brain of a(n) _____ is 25 percent of the size of an adult's brain and is therefore disproportionately large.

Question 19

Explain how the link between sleep position and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was discovered. What advice besides sleep position should new parents follow when putting their infant to bed?

Question 20

The six outer layers of the brain, involved in feeling, thinking, and sensing, are referred to as the _____.

Question 21

The ability to use both eyes together to focus on an object is called _____ vision.

Question 22

_____ refers to infants' inborn ability to remedy deficits in their environments in order to promote their own brain development.

Question 23

_____ are the brain chemicals that carry information across the synaptic gap between neurons.

Question 24

Newborns dream a lot during the sleep cycle known as _____.

Question 25

An infant who is deprived of varied stimulation is missing out on some _____ circumstances.

Question 26

The fetus's sense of hearing develops during the _____ trimester of pregnancy.

Question 27

The own-race effect refers to babies' superior skill at differentiating faces from their own _____.

Question 28

Temporary rapid growth of dendrites is referred to as _____.

Question 29

In Malik's family, infants sleep beside their parents in a practice known as _____.

Question 30

_____ occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus.

Question 31

A(n) _____ is the intersection where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons.

Question 32

The part of the brain that seems to be dedicated to the perception of faces is the _____ area.

Question 33

The three factors that combine to allow toddlers to walk are muscle strength, _____, and brain maturation within the motor cortex.

Question 34

Vision is the _____ mature of the five senses at birth.

Question 35

A dozing, half-awake newborn is experiencing _____ sleep.

Question 36

Physical abilities that involve large body movements are _____ skills.

Question 37

Newborns spend quite a lot of time in rapid eye movement sleep. Such sleep is associated with _____.

Question 38

_____ is a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken, since this motion ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

Question 39

_____ appears to be an effective pain reliever for newborns.

Question 40

The process of brain development that involves the atrophy and death of connections that are not being used is called _____.

Question 41

Children reach half their adult height by the age of _____ years.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 42

Growth is often expressed in a _____, indicating how one person compares to another.

A) normal score
B) standard deviation
C) percentile
D) norm

Question 43

Three-month-old Eva is at reduced risk for developing obesity, allergies, and asthma because she is fed _____.

Question 44

A typical child at 24 months of age weighs about _____ pounds.

A) 19
B) 28
C) 41
D) 52

Question 45

The most important cause of improvement in child survival in the twentieth century, besides clean water, is _____.

Question 46

When breast milk and cow's milk are compared, _____ milk is found to contain more nutrients.

Question 47

Breast milk's balance of nutrients is ideal for _____ and healthy brain development.

Question 48

Each child vaccinated against a disease stops transmission of the disease and thus protects others, a phenomenon called _____.

Question 49

The conclusions about infant pain are mixed because infant brains are _____.

Question 50

Babies need _____-sights and sounds, emotional expression, and social interaction that encourages movement.

Question 51

The average newborn triples his weight by _____.

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months

Question 52

A 6-month-old girl living in a country affected by famine may suffer from a protein-calorie deficiency that causes the disease _____.

Question 53

The "Back to Sleep" campaign has cut the rate of _____ dramatically.

Question 54

In 1950, one infant in _____ died before age 1.

Question 55

Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does.

A) 19
B) 29
C) 69
D) 79

Question 56

The most valued fine motor skills are _____ movements.

Question 57

The average baby will grow _____ inches in his or her first year.

A) 10
B) 14
C) 16
D) 20

Question 58

The average newborn weighs _____ pounds at birth.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8

Question 59

A toddler in a country affected by famine may suffer from a protein-calorie deficiency that causes the disease _____.

Question 60

Jordan's weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that _____.

A) he weighs 50 percent more than other children his age
B) he weighs 50 percent less than other children his age
C) the average weight for his age is 50 percent more than his weight
D) 49 percent of children his age weigh less than he does

Question 61

Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight _____ from birth to the age of 2.

A) decreases
B) doubles
C) triples
D) quadruples

Question 62

Which statement describes the brain's cortex?

A) It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes.
B) It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
D) It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.

Question 63

Transient exuberance is the _____.

A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
B) high energy that toddlers experience following a nap
C) friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness
D) rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life

Question 64

The outer layers of the brain are referred to as _____.

A) the cortex
B) axons
C) dendrites
D) synapses

Question 65

Brain weight triples during the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of _____.

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) neurons
D) synapses

Question 66

At birth, the human brain has _____.

A) billions of neurons
B) trillions of neurons
C) 25 percent of its adult neurons
D) 50 percent of its adult neurons

Question 67

Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called _____.

A) synapses
B) cortexes
C) axons
D) dendrites

Question 68

Alma brought her 6-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor said that her son's weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this definitely mean?

A) He is large for his age.
B) He is not growing properly.
C) He is malnourished.
D) He is small for his age.

Question 69

From birth until age 2, dendrites in the cortex increase _____.

A) twofold
B) threefold
C) fivefold
D) tenfold

Question 70

The area in the brain that is involved in planning, anticipating, and deciding is the _____ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) striate

Question 71

Brain cells are called _____.

A) frontal cells
B) axons
C) dendrites
D) neurons

Question 72

A newborn's brain weight is _____ an adult's brain weight.

A) greater than
B) the same as
C) 50 percent of
D) 25 percent of

Question 73

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) _____.

A) frontal cell
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) neuron

Question 74

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called _____.

A) dendrite proliferation
B) pruning
C) cortex multiplication
D) transient exuberance

Question 75

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is _____.

A) above average in height
B) below average in height
C) average in height
D) 90 percent of the desired height for his weight

Question 76

The part of the brain that is very immature at birth is the _____.

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) synapses
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 77

The areas at the very front of the cortex _____.

A) are responsible for visual functions
B) help humans to understand spoken words
C) enable people to plan and decide
D) are well developed in newborns

Question 78

Synapses are _____.

A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
B) where neurons make direct contact with one another
C) chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons
D) the areas where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not

Question 79

The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as _____.

A) the blood-brain barrier
B) brain-override
C) head-sparing
D) caudal protection

Question 80

The function of neurotransmitters is to _____.

A) bind the neurons of the central nervous system together
B) form the synapse between neurons
C) carry information from one neuron to another
D) assist in the formation of new neurons