Deck 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

Question 1

Afferent input that does not reach the conscious level is

A) somatic.
B) proprioceptive.
C) somethetic.
D) a special sense.
E) visceral.

Answer 1

visceral.

Question 2

Which of the following receptors are rapidly adapting?

A) muscle stretch receptors.
B) tonic receptors.
C) phasic receptors.
D) both muscle stretch receptors and tonic receptors are correct.
E) all of these answers.

Answer 2

phasic receptors.

Question 3

Receptors

A) generate action potentials in afferent fibers in response to stimuli.
B) change other forms of energy into electrical energy.
C) are located in the dorsal root ganglion.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Answer 3

both (a) and (b) above.

Question 4

The conversion of stimuli into neuron potentials

A) requires an adequate level of stimulus.
B) is called transduction.
C) stems from generation of receptor potentials.
D) all of these answers.
E) none of these answers.

Question 5

Which of the following statements concerning receptors is correct?

A) the larger the receptor potential, the greater the frequency of action potentials initiated in the afferent neuron.
B) tonic receptors often exhibit an "off-response."
C) phasic receptors are important in situations where maintained information about a stimulus is valuable.
D) receptor adaptation results from nerve fatigue.
E) receptors are part of efferent neurons.

Question 6

In somatosensory pathways where do first-order neurons synapse with second-order neurons usually?

A) dorsal root ganglia.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) spinal cord.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 7

The smaller the receptive fields in a region, the

A) greater the density of receptors in the region.
B) greater the acuity in the region.
C) more cortical space allotted for sensory reception from the region.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 8

Polymodal nociceptors

A) respond only to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching.
B) transmit impulses along A-delta fibers.
C) activate the slow pain pathway.
D) release prostaglandins.
E) none of these answers.

Question 9

Tonic receptors

A) adapt rapidly.
B) frequently exhibit an "off-response."
C) can measure the degree of joint flexion.
D) all of these answers.
E) none of these answers.

Question 10

Receptors

A) respond to various physical or chemical changes in their environment.
B) change other forms of energy into electrical energy.
C) respond more readily to their adequate stimulus.
D) are found at the peripheral endings of afferent neurons.
E) all of these answers.

Question 11

The slow pain pathway is activated by

A) stimulation of mechanical or thermal nociceptors.
B) stimulation of polymodal nociceptors.
C) release of bradykinin.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 12

Visceral afferent information:

A) influences the activity of the ANS
B) is associated with pain sensations of the skin
C) is associated with pain sensations of organs known as "referred pain"
D) both (a) and (c)
E) both (b) and (c)

Question 13

Receptors

A) may be either a specialized ending of an afferent neuron or a special cell closely associated with the peripheral ending of an afferent neuron.
B) are present for every modality in the environment.
C) when stimulated bring about opening of Na⁺ channels in the afferent neuron membrane adjacent to the receptor.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 14

Select the incorrect association.

A) chemoreceptor/oxygen concentration.
B) mechanoreceptor/skeletal muscle stretch.
C) nociceptor/solute concentration.
D) photoreceptor/light.
E) thermoreceptor/heat and cold.

Question 15

Information detected by receptors is used for all of the following except::

A) to control efferent responses
B) processing sensory input for arousal
C) brainstem processing for perception
D) affect our emotions
E) none of the above

Question 16

Conscious interpretation of external stimuli

A) is sensation.
B) rarely occurs.
C) is perception.
D) is processed in the diencephalon.
E) none of these answers.

Question 17

Which is characteristic of fast pain?

A) poorly localized.
B) occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors.
C) impulses carried along myelinated fibers.
D) persists for a long period of time.
E) none of these answers.

Question 18

Phasic receptors

A) exhibit an "off-response."
B) signal a change in stimulus intensity.
C) are rapidly adapting receptors.
D) all of these answers.
E) none of these answers.

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning receptor potentials is correct? Receptor potentials

A) are usually depolarizations of receptors in response to adequate stimuli.
B) are graded potentials.
C) occur in neuronal cell bodies upon summation of pre synaptic input.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 20

Endorphins and enkephalins

A) are endogenous morphine-like substances.
B) are important in the body's natural analgesic system.
C) block the actions of substance P by binding with opiate receptors.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 21

The choroid

A) contains rods and cones.
B) is a fluid within the eye.
C) is also known as the blind spot.
D) is the middle layer of the eye.
E) refracts light rays.

Question 22

The fovea

A) is located in the exact center of the retina.
B) contains a greater abundance of rods than cones.
C) is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 23

The first structure to intercept light as it enters the eye is the

A) aqueous humor.
B) cornea.
C) lens.
D) retina.
E) vitreous humor.

Question 24

Select the incorrect statement about slow pain.

A) it is carried by large, myelinated fibers.
B) it is poorly localized.
C) it occurs by the stimulation of polymodal nociceptors.
D) it occurs for a longer time than fast pain.
E) it produces a dull, aching, burning sensation.

Question 25

In order for accommodation to occur

A) the shape of the cornea must be changed.
B) the shape of the lens must be changed.
C) the ciliary muscle is relaxed for near vision.
D) the ciliary muscle is contracted for distant vision.
E) none of these answers.

Question 26

Which of the following activities occurs in the presence of light within the phototransduction pathway?

A) ganglion cells produce graded potentials
B) photoreceptor cells depolarize
C) bipolar cells produce graded potentials.
D) sodium channels open in receptors.
E) none of these answers.

Question 27

The lens of the eye

A) has convex surfaces.
B) is stronger when it is flatter.
C) contributes most extensively to the eye's total refractive ability.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 28

Which of the following statements concerning myopia is correct?

A) the curvature of the lens is uneven.
B) a near source of light is focused on the retina without accommodation.
C) a convex lens is used to correct the condition.
D) the images from the two eyes are not fused within the cortex.
E) there is increased intraocular pressure.

Question 29

Cones

A) are most abundant in the periphery of the retina.
B) are more numerous than rods.
C) have high sensitivity to light.
D) are responsible for color vision.
E) more than one of these.

Question 30

The blind spot

A) is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through.
B) contains no rods or cones.
C) is in the exact center of the retina.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 31

The refractive power of this structure does not change when viewing nearby objects.

A) sclera.
B) cornea
C) blind spot.
D) lens.
E) iris.

Question 32

Natural analgesia occurs

A) when endogenous opiates bind to P-substance.
B) when endogenous opiates bind to receptors on afferent pain fibers.
C) when acute pain fibers are activated
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 33

As light passes from one medium to a medium of a different density

A) it is refracted.
B) it bends at specific angles.
C) it changes wavelengths.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 34

The circular muscle of the iris

A) contracts in response to bright light to produce pupillary constriction.
B) is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) contracts to slacken the suspensory ligaments and increase the strength of the lens during accommodation.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 35

In hyperopia,

A) the eyeball is too short or the lens is too weak.
B) a near object is focused behind the retina, even with accommodation.
C) a far source of light is focused ahead of the retina.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Question 36

Which of the following structures normally controls the amount of light entering the eye?

A) ciliary muscle.
B) suspensory ligaments.
C) iris.
D) cornea.
E) lens.

Question 37

The retina

A) is the middle layer of the eye.
B) contains the photoreceptors.
C) becomes specialized anteriorly to form the cornea.
D) secretes the aqueous humor.
E) none of these answers.

Question 38

During accommodation for near vision, the

A) ciliary muscle does not contract.
B) lens becomes more convex.
C) suspensory ligaments become less taut.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 39

Rhodopsin

A) is the photopigment found in the red cones.
B) consists of an opsin and retinal
C) is most highly concentrated in the fovea.
D) is slowly broken down in the absence of light.
E) contains a derivative of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 40

Which of the following structures contributes the most to the total refractive ability of the eye?

A) lens.
B) cornea.
C) ciliary muscle.
D) retina.
E) iris.

Question 41

Which of the following statements concerning cones is incorrect?

A) cones are used for day vision.
B) cones are very sensitive to light.
C) cones exhibit high acuity.
D) cones are concentrated in the fovea.
E) cones provide color vision.

Question 42

These cells give rise to the axons of the optic nerve.

A) bipolar neurons.
B) convex cells.
C) ganglion cells.
D) hair cells.
E) rods and cones.

Question 43

Which of the following is the proper sequence of retinal processing?

A) rods and cones-ganglion cells-bipolar cells.
B) rods and cones-bipolar cells-ganglion cells.
C) ganglion cells-bipolar cells-rods and cones.
D) ganglion cells-rods and cones-bipolar cells.
E) bipolar cells-ganglion cells-rods and cones.

Question 44

Which one of the following is an anterior specialization of the choroid layer?

A) aqueous humor.
B) ciliary body.
C) cornea.
D) lens.
E) retina.

Question 45

The pitch of a sound

A) is determined by the frequency of vibrations of air molecules.
B) depends on the amplitude of the waves.
C) is measured in units of decibels.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 46

The tympanic membrane

A) vibrates when struck by sound waves.
B) contains the organ of Corti.
C) produces ear wax.
D) is connected to the stapes.
E) none of these answers.

Question 47

All of the following are true statements about sound waves except:

A) they are produced by a disturbance pattern in air molecules.
B) they gradually dissipate as they travel from the original sound source.
C) the human ear can detect sound waves between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second.
D) the average human ear is most sensitive to sound waves with frequencies between 5,000 and 10,000 cycles per second.
E) they consist of alternating regions of air compression and rarefaction.

Question 48

In light adaptation,

A) rhodopsin levels increase in rods.
B) rhodopsin levels decrease in rods.
C) cones become active.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 49

The three types of cones are

A) black, red, and white.
B) blue, green, and red.
C) blue, green, and white.
D) green, orange, and yellow.
E) orange, yellow, and white.

Question 50

Cones have higher acuity than rods because

A) cones respond more to dim light.
B) there are three types of cones.
C) there is little convergence in the cone pathways within the retina.
D) there are more cones than rods.
E) the photopigment in the cones breaks down more rapidly than the photopigment in rods.

Question 51

Which of the following does not occur in a photoreceptor during exposure to light?

A) membrane hyperpolarization.
B) closure of Na+ channels in the outer segment.
C) increased transmitter release from the synaptic terminal.
D) absorption of light by photopigments
E) closure of Ca²⁺ channels in the synaptic terminal.

Question 52

Which structure(s) is/are associated with hearing?

A) ampulla.
B) cochlea.
C) cupula.
D) cristae.
E) saccule.

Question 53

Rods

A) are more sensitive to light than cones.
B) have low acuity.
C) provide vision in shades of gray.
D) have both low acuity and provide vision in shades of gray.
E) all of these answers.

Question 54

Which of the following is a genetic disorder predominant in males?

A) poor night vision.
B) poor color vision.
C) astigmatism.
D) presbyopia.
E) color blindness.

Question 55

Presbyopia is characterized by

A) the lack of a cone type.
B) pronounced visual difficulty in the early teenage years.
C) a reduction in accommodative ability as a result of a loss of lens elasticity.
D) retinal damage.
E) excessive refractive power in the lens system of the eye.

Question 56

Color vision

A) is accomplished by rods at night and cones during the day.
B) depends on the three cone types' various ratios of stimulation in response to different wavelengths of light.
C) is usually lost in vitamin A deficiency.
D) depends on activation of a specific cone for each visible color.
E) is made possible by convergence within the cone pathways.

Question 57

The left field of view:

A) is detected by both eyes
B) is detected only by the left eye
C) is processed by the left occipital lobe
D) is processed by both occipital lobes
E) none of the above

Question 58

What condition is caused by uneven curvatures in the lens?

A) astigmatism.
B) myopia.
C) presbyopia.
D) hyperopia.
E) none of these answers.

Question 59

Color vision:

A) depends on thee types of cone cells
B) depends on rod cells
C) is not detected in the eye but is a function of the brain
D) usually occurs better in low levels of light
E) depends on photopigments for seven different colors

Question 60

The vibrational stimulus normally passes through the middle ear ossicles in the order

A) incus to the malleus to the stapes.
B) incus to the stapes to the incus.
C) malleus to the incus to the stapes.
D) malleus to the stapes to the incus.
E) stapes to the malleus to the incus.

Question 61

The utricle is

A) an otolith organ.
B) activated when a person bends the head to look down at the ground.
C) activated when a person starts to walk.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 62

Select the structure that houses hair cells.

A) basilar membrane.
B) endolymph.
C) oval window.
D) organ of Corti.
E) tectorial membrane.

Question 63

High- and low-frequency sounds are discriminated chiefly by

A) low frequencies producing stronger vibrations.
B) high frequencies producing larger action potentials.
C) the middle ear bones vibrating more vigorously for low frequencies.
D) low frequencies deflecting the basilar membrane at a greater distance from the oval window.
E) low frequencies setting up fluid vibrations in the perilymph.

Question 64

In response to movement of the oval window all of the following occur except:

A) pressure waves occur in the scala vestibuli.
B) a portion of the basilar membrane vibrates.
C) certain hair cell receptors in the organ of Corti become excited.
D) the round window is displaced.
E) the malleus pushes on the oval window

Question 65

The ossicular system of the ear

A) serves to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal.
B) increases the pressure of vibration as it transfers the sound wave from air in the outer ear to fluid in the inner ear.
C) assists in determining whether a sound comes from the front or rear.
D) is part of the vestibular apparatus.
E) is in direct contact with the tympanic membrane and the round window.

Question 66

The auditory cortex is on the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

A) frontal.
B) occipital.
C) parietal.
D) prefrontal.
E) temporal.

Question 67

The semicircular canals

A) detect the position of the head relative to gravity.
B) detect rotational or angular acceleration of the head.
C) contain otoliths.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 68

Taste

A) discrimination depends on the ratio of stimulation of the taste buds, which have a variation in relative sensitivity.
B) buds are stimulated only by chemicals in solution.
C) discrimination does not go beyond distinguishing between the five primary tastes.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 69

The oval window

A) attaches to the stapes.
B) transfers the sound wave from the middle ear to the inner ear.
C) is reflexively tightened in response to loud sounds to diminish transmission of these sounds to the inner ear.
D) both attaches to the stapes and transfers the sound wave from the middle ear to the inner ear
E) all of these answers.

Question 70

Transmission of sound through the middle ear results in

A) amplification of the pressure vibrations.
B) stimulation of middle ear receptor cells.
C) opening of the Eustachian tube.
D) increased firing rate in sensory axons associated with the tympanic membrane.
E) none of these answers.

Question 71

Select the incorrect association.

A) cochlear duct/endolymph.
B) malleus/inner ear.
C) organ of Corti/hair cells.
D) scala tympani/perilymph.
E) scala vestibuli/perilymph.

Question 72

Which one of the following is not involved in sending the vibrational signal to the inner ear?

A) external auditory meatus.
B) Eustachian tube.
C) malleus.
D) stapes.
E) tympanum.

Question 73

Deflection of the basilar membrane

A) activates the receptors of the organ of Corti.
B) occurs in response to fluid movements in the cochlea.
C) results from displacement of the round window.
D) both activates the sound receptors of the organ of Corti and occurs in response to fluid movements in the cochlea are correct.
E) all of these answers.

Question 74

This portion of the auditory system amplifies the sound waves:

A) eardrum.
B) ossicular system.
C) Eustachian tube.
D) cochlea.
E) oval window.

Question 75

The ______ hair cells enhance the response of the _______ hair cells.

A) inner/outer
B) upper/lower
C) lower/upper
D) outer/inner

Question 76

Which of the following abnormalities could give rise to sensorineural deafness?

A) rupture of the tympanic membrane.
B) disease or injury in the organ of Corti.
C) restriction of ossicular movement because of adhesions between the bones.
D) damage to the occipital lobes of the cortex.
E) presbyopia.

Question 77

Which type of sensory input is not integrated into the sense of equilibrium?

A) cutaneous.
B) proprioceptive.
C) vestibular.
D) visual.
E) visceral.

Question 78

Vestibular information is important for all of the following except

A) hearing.
B) maintenance of balance and desired posture.
C) control of eye movement.
D) perception of motion and orientation.
E) none of these answers.

Question 79

Fluid movement in the cochlea causes

A) displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure.
B) deflection of the basilar membrane.
C) the hairs of the receptor cells of the organ of Corti to be bent as they are moved in relation to the tectorial membrane.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 80

The hair cells for hearing are located in the

A) cochlea.
B) Eustachian tube.
C) saccule.
D) utricle.
E) vestibule.