Deck 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Which of the following is not internal work?

A) energy required for active transport.
B) energy required to pump blood.
C) energy use to power skeletal muscle contractions for body movements
D) energy used during synthetic reactions.
E) energy used to maintain body posture.

Answer 1

energy use to power skeletal muscle contractions for body movements

Question 2

If more energy is contained in the food eaten than is expended,

A) a positive energy balance will exist.
B) the excess energy will be stored in adipose.
C) all of the excess energy will be liberated.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Answer 2

both (a) and (b) above.

Question 3

The energy equivalent of oxygen is the

A) number of calories contained in every liter of oxygen consumed.
B) value that equates how much energy is liberated from food for every liter of oxygen consumed.
C) oxygen consumption required for the processing and storage of ingested foodstuff.
D) energy required to raise 1 g of H₂O 1°C.
E) none of these answers.

Answer 3

value that equates how much energy is liberated from food for every liter of oxygen consumed.

Question 4

About ____ kilocalories of energy is liberated by consumption of 3 liters of oxygen.

A) 4.8
B) 9.6
C) 14.4
D) 19.2
E) 24

Question 5

The satiety center is located in the ____ of the brain.

A) cerebellum.
B) cerebrum.
C) hypothalamus.
D) medulla.
E) thalamus.

Question 6

Which is not considered a cause for obesity?

A) emotional disturbances
B) hormonal changes
C) changes is function of satiety centers in hypothalamus
D) too much sleep
E) possible viral link

Question 7

____% of the energy found in nutrient molecules is lost as heat.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) 90

Question 8

The factor that increases the metabolic rate to the greatest extent is increased

A) skeletal muscle activity.
B) mental effort.
C) dietary fiber intake.
D) epinephrine secretion.
E) brown fat deposition.

Question 9

Changes in BMR are tied directly to changes in what hormone?

A) growth hormone
B) thyroid hormone
C) parathyroid hormone
D) insulin
E) ACTH

Question 10

Which increases metabolic rate?

A) exercise.
B) diet-induced thermogenesis.
C) epinephrine.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) all of these answers.

Question 11

Select the hormone that is an important satiety signal.

A) ADH.
B) leptin.
C) glucagon.
D) glucose.
E) TSH.

Question 12

Which chemical messenger increases food intake?

A) orexin
B) melanin
C) ACTH
D) CRH
E) Insulin

Question 13

Which chemical messenger is released by adipose tissue?

A) Neuropeptide Y
B) melanocortin
C) Leptin
D) CRH
E) Insulin

Question 14

Internal work

A) includes all of the energy-expending activities that must go on all of the time to sustain life.
B) refers to all energy expenditure by tissues other than skeletal muscles.
C) includes the energy expenditure required to move external objects.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 15

5,300 calories is ____ kilocalories.

A) 00.53
B) 0.53
C) 5.3
D) 53
E) 5,300,000

Question 16

When a negative energy balance exists,

A) the body must make use of stored energy reserves.
B) the caloric content of the food ingested is less than the energy output.
C) the caloric content of the food ingested exceeds the energy lost due to heat or work.
D) energy has been destroyed by catabolic processes within the body.
E) both (a) and (b) above.

Question 17

The energy equivalent of O₂ is

A) 4.8 kilocalories of energy liberated per liter of O₂ consumed.
B) used to indirectly measure the metabolic rate.
C) the energy required to raise 1 gm of H₂O 1°C.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a requirement for measurement of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A) the person must not have exercised for at least 30 minutes.
B) the person must not have eaten any food within 12 hours.
C) the person must have slept at least 7 hours the previous night.
D) the person should be at mental rest during the measurement.
E) the measurement should take place at a comfortable room temperature.

Question 19

Which chemical messenger is released by the immune system?

A) orexin
B) melanin
C) ACTH
D) CRH
E) Cachetin

Question 20

The lowest metabolic rate occurs

A) during sleep.
B) during a basal metabolic rate determination.
C) during exercise.
D) after a meal.
E) in males compared to females.

Question 21

Which of the following statements concerning control of food intake is incorrect?

A) there are a pair of feeding centers and a pair of satiety centers in the hypothalamus that play a major role in controlling food intake.
B) stimulation of the feeding centers drives the individual to eat.
C) stimulation of the satiety centers brings about the feeling of having had enough to eat.
D) distention of the digestive tract constitutes the major input for regulating food intake.
E) destruction of the satiety centers in lab animals leads to overeating and obesity.

Question 22

The leading theory for maintenance of body weight as a result of long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure relates to the

A) amount of fat stored in adipose tissue.
B) extent of glucose utilization.
C) magnitude of cellular ATP production.
D) extent of gastrointestinal distention.
E) extent of behavioral modification associated with eating habits.

Question 23

Which does not act as a satiety signal?

A) cholecystokinin.
B) increased glucose utilization.
C) orexins.
D) leptin.
E) insulin.

Question 24

Radiation and conduction are two types of heat exchange between the body and environment. The magnitude of heat loss via these two processes is determined by the

A) amount of sweating.
B) temperature difference between body surface and its surroundings.
C) absolute core temperature.
D) extent of evaporation from the body surface.
E) none of these answers.

Question 25

Sweating

A) causes vasodilation of the skin vessels.
B) increases the insulative capacity of the skin so that less heat can be gained from the environment.
C) is the only heat-loss mechanism available to the body when the environmental temperature is so high that a normal temperature gradient between the skin and the environment cannot be established.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 26

Sweating:

A) is an active evaporative heat-loss process under sympathetic nervous control.
B) is the only means of losing heat when the environmental temperature is warmer than body temperature.
C) can be regulated by sympathetic activity
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of the above

Question 27

Radiation

A) refers to heat emission from a warm object in the form of electromagnetic waves.
B) is only a source of heat loss for the body (i.e., the body can lose but not gain heat by radiation).
C) refers to the transfer of heat by direct contact between a warmer and cooler object.
D) involves the continued cycling of cool air over the body.
E) refers to the transformation of water from a gaseous to a liquid state.

Question 28

Receptors that relay thermal information to the temperature control centers include

A) peripheral warm and cold thermoreceptors in the skin.
B) central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
C) central thermoreceptors in internal organs.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 29

Most people's core temperature varies about ____°F.

A) 0.6
B) 1.8
C) 2.6
D) 4.0
E) 5.2

Question 30

Heat can be lost directly to the external environment by the vasodilation of blood vessels in the ____.

A) hypothalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) skin.
D) cerebral cortex.
E) medulla.

Question 31

Most people suffer convulsions when internal body temperature reaches ____°F.

A) 96
B) 98
C) 100
D) 102
E) 106

Question 32

When the surrounding temperature is low, heat is lost from the body by means of

A) radiation.
B) conduction/convection.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis.
D) both radiation and conduction/convection are correct.
E) all of these answers.

Question 33

The type of heat loss that occurs by sitting on a cold car seat is

A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) evaporation.
E) none of these answers.

Question 34

This area houses the body's "internal thermostat"

A) hypothalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) skin.
D) cerebral cortex.
E) medulla.

Question 35

On the average, about half of the body heat that is lost is due to loss by

A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) evaporation.
E) none of these answers.

Question 36

A person can lose heat to an environment warmer than the body by means of

A) radiation.
B) evaporation.
C) conduction.
D) both radiation and evaporation.
E) all of these answers.

Question 37

Core temperature is

A) normally maintained relatively constant around 100°F.
B) the temperature of the abdominal and thoracic organs, the central nervous system, and the skeletal muscles.
C) the temperature of the skin and subcutaneous fat.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Question 38

Leptin

A) is secreted by adipocytes.
B) leads to appetite suppression.
C) targets the hypothalamus.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 39

"Normal" body temperature may vary slightly as a result of

A) exercise.
B) the menstrual cycle.
C) the time of day.
D) exposure to extremes in environmental temperature.
E) all of these answers.

Question 40

Cachetin is a ____ associated with a ____.

A) carbohydrate, high blood sugar.
B) carbohydrate, chronic wasting condition.
C) lipid, type of obesity.
D) protein, chronic wasting condition.
E) protein, type of obesity.

Question 41

Nonshivering thermogenesis

A) is stimulated by epinephrine and thyroid hormone.
B) refers to the general increase in muscle tone in response to abrupt exposure to cold.
C) enhances the insulative capacity of the skin by promoting increased deposition of brown fat under the skin.
D) refers to the elevation of body temperature in response to pyrogen release.
E) none of these answers.

Question 42

The major means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environmental temperature is

A) skin vasoconstriction.
B) wearing warm clothing.
C) increased muscle activity, such as through shivering and increased voluntary exercise.
D) formation of "goose bumps."
E) increased food intake.

Question 43

Aspirin reduces a fever by inhibiting synthesis of:

A) leptin
B) thyroid hormone
C) CRH
D) pyrogens
E) prostaglandins

Question 44

When vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin occurs,

A) the skin temperature becomes warmer than the core temperature.
B) the insulative capacity of the skin is increased.
C) heat will be lost from the body if the air temperature is cooler than the skin temperature.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 45

Which of the following is not a means of increasing or conserving heat production?

A) shivering.
B) skin vasodilation.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis.
D) increased muscle tone.
E) increased exercise.

Question 46

Skin temperatures may fluctuate between ___°F and ____ °F without damage

A) 40-98.6
B) 68-104
C) 0-98.6
D) 0-110
E) none of the above

Question 47

Which of the following statements about thermoregulation is correct?

A) in a cold environment, the body will lose heat by conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
B) in a hot environment when the temperature of the environment exceeds that of the skin surface, evaporation is the only means for the body to lose heat.
C) the temperature control centers in the hypothalamus receive afferent input from peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin and central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus and internal organs.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 48

The major means of decreasing heat loss in response to a cold environmental temperature is

A) skin vasoconstriction.
B) skin vasodilation.
C) increasing the temperature gradient between the skin and environment.
D) formation of "goose bumps."
E) shivering.

Question 49

Which of the following does not characterize heat exhaustion?

A) reduced plasma volume.
B) extensive sweating.
C) rapidly rising body temperature.
D) fainting.
E) reduced blood pressure.

Question 50

Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels to the skin

A) is coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system.
B) lowers heat exchange with the environment.
C) occurs when core body temperature is elevated.
D) both (a) and (b) above
E) all of these answers.

Question 51

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be created and destroyed.

Question 52

Select the means of heat energy emission from the surface of a warm body.

A) radiation
B) conduction/convection
C) evaporation
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers

Question 53

Which of the following mechanisms help to maintain body temperature on hot days?

A) decreased muscle tone
B) skin vasodilation
C) sweating
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 54

In fever production,

A) endogenous pyrogen released from neurons of the cerebral cortex in response to an infection elevates the hypothalamic "set point."
B) cold response mechanisms are initiated by the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature to the new set point.
C) heat loss mechanisms are triggered to eliminate the excess heat from the body.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Question 55

Each of the following is a means of generating or holding heat in the body except

A) diminished sweating.
B) exercising.
C) shivering.
D) vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin.
E) behavioral adaptations.

Question 56

Upon cold exposure all of the following occur except

A) skin vasoconstriction.
B) decreased muscle tone.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis.
D) behavioral adaptations.
E) stimulation of thermoreceptors.

Question 57

The temperature control center within the anterior region of the hypothalamus is activated by ____ and initiates reflexes that mediate ____.

A) cold, heat production and heat conservation.
B) cold, heat loss.
C) warmth, heat loss.
D) warmth, heat production and heat conservation.
E) warmth, vasoconstriction.

Question 58

Which changes is not associated with cold exposure?

A) shivering
B) vasoconstriction
C) decreased sympathetic activity to the skin
D) hunching over, curling up
E) all of the above are related to cold exposure

Question 59

The development of fever

A) results from resetting of the medullary thermoregulatory center.
B) may develop when mast cells release pyrogens.
C) is mediated by prostaglandins.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 60

An endogenous pyrogen can be released by ____ in the body.

A) muscle cells.
B) pathogens.
C) platelets.
D) erythrocytes.
E) neutrophils.

Question 61

Internal energy expenditure is the energy utilized by the skeletal muscles when external objects are moved.

Question 62

Leptin stimulates the release of melanocortins.

Question 63

Metabolic rate equals energy expenditure/unit of time.

Question 64

Orexins and CRH increase food intake contributing to obesity..

Question 65

As the level of circulating, active thyroid hormone increases, the BMR increases correspondingly.

Question 66

The hypothalamus is involved in the feeling of being full and thus contributes to short-term control of meals

Question 67

Most of the energy contained within food will be lost as heat.

Question 68

insulin plays a role in long-term control of body weight.

Question 69

Metabolic rate can be measured indirectly by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption.

Question 70

A decrease of insulin in the blood may signal satiety.

Question 71

The appetite centers stimulate feeding behavior, whereas the satiety centers inhibit feeding behavior.

Question 72

There is an obligatory increase in metabolic rate resulting from food intake.

Question 73

Weight loss occurs when the energy derived from the food consumed is less than the energy expended by the body.

Question 74

The basal metabolic rate is dependent upon thyroid hormone levels.

Question 75

Internal work includes the expended energy when skeletal muscles are contracted to move external objects.

Question 76

The number of obese adults in the United States is 75% higher now than it was 15 years ago.

Question 77

Neuropeptide Y is a strong appetite inhibitor.

Question 78

Leptin is a hormone released from adipose tissue.

Question 79

Control of food intake is primarily a function of the hypothalamus.

Question 80

The feeding and satiety centers are located in the hypothalamus.