Deck 18: The Reproductive System

Question 1

Which of the following hormones is responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics?

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) both testosterone and estrogen.
E) all of these answers.

Answer 1

both testosterone and estrogen.

Question 2

The gonads

A) consist of a pair of testes in males and ovaries in females.
B) produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.
C) refer to the externally visible genitalia in both sexes.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Answer 2

both (a) and (b) above.

Question 3

Which statement is true?

A) diploid cells contain 23 chromosomes
B) sperm and egg are haploid cells
C) sperm and egg are produced by mitosis
D) each human cells has 22 pairs of sex chromosomes
E) genetic males have two of the same sex chromosomes

Answer 3

sperm and egg are haploid cells

Question 4

Which cells make androgen binding protein?

A) sperm
B) spermatagonia
C) theca
D) granulosa
E) Sertoli

Question 5

Select the structure that serves as a common passageway for two tracts in the male.

A) anterior pituitary
B) ductus deferens
C) ejaculatory duct
D) ureter
E) urethra

Question 6

Which structure below secretes male sex hormone?

A) seminal vesicles.
B) prostate gland.
C) Sertoli cells.
D) bulbourethral glands.
E) interstitial cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is a female accessory sex organ?

A) bulbourethral gland.
B) clitoris.
C) prostate gland.
D) seminal vesicle.
E) ovary.

Question 8

Testosterone

A) is responsible for the male secondary sexual characteristics.
B) stimulates spermatogenesis.
C) acts in negative-feedback fashion on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.
D) secretion is stimulated by LH.
E) all of these answers.

Question 9

Which is not a function of the primary sex organs?

A) production of estrogen.
B) production of testosterone.
C) production of progesterone.
D) production of seminal fluids.
E) gametogenesis.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct order in which the glands add seminal fluid to migrating sperm cells in the male reproductive tract.

A) bulbourethral glands, prostate, seminal vesicles
B) bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, prostate
C) prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles
D) prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
E) seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

Question 11

In addition to the gonads, the reproductive system includes all of the following except:

A) reproductive tract
B) urinary bladder
C) accessory glands
D) external genitalia
E) it includes all of the above

Question 12

Which of the following statements concerning testosterone is incorrect? Testosterone

A) secretion is stimulated by LH.
B) is secreted by the seminiferous tubules.
C) stimulates spermatogenesis.
D) promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate.
E) stimulates protein synthesis and promotes bone growth.

Question 13

The testes are located outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac to

A) permit spermatogenesis.
B) protect the gonads against injury.
C) permit testosterone secretion.
D) maintain the testes at a lower than normal body temperature for normal testicular function.
E) any two of the above

Question 14

Testosterone

A) is secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes.
B) exerts a general protein anabolic effect.
C) causes enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 15

In both sexes, the reproductive changes that take place during puberty include all of the following except:

A) maturation of gonads
B) development of secondary sex characteristics
C) fertility
D) growth of reproductive tract
E) development of muscle and loss of fat

Question 16

Phenotypic sex:

A) is based solely on genetic differences
B) is based on anatomical differences
C) is based on hormonal differences
D) is based on genetic, anatomical and hormonal differences
E) cannot be determined except for genetic analysis

Question 17

Sperm cells are stored for maturation in the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) ductus deferens.
C) epididymis.
D) Leydig cells.
E) urethra.

Question 18

The primary reproductive organs in the male include the

A) testes.
B) prostate gland.
C) seminal vesicles.
D) bulbourethral glands.
E) all of these answers.

Question 19

The factor responsible for differentiating the embryonic gonads into testes is

A) the sex-determining region of the X chromosome.
B) the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome.
C) autosomal chromosomes.
D) male gonadal-determining factor.
E) the Sertoli cells.

Question 20

Which of the following is not stimulated by testosterone?

A) masculinization of the developing reproductive tract and external genitalia.
B) descent of the testes into the scrotum.
C) spermatid remodeling.
D) development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics.
E) libido.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells?

A) secreting seminiferous tubule fluid
B) phagocytizing cytoplasm extruded from developing sperm and destroy defective sperm
C) secreting testosterone
D) secreting inhibin
E) providing nourishment for developing sperm

Question 22

Which of the following is not a function of the seminal vesicles?

A) supplying fructose, which serves as the primary energy source for ejaculated sperm.
B) secreting prostaglandins.
C) secreting fibrinogen.
D) secreting an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions.
E) providing more than half the seminal fluid.

Question 23

The acrosome of the spermatozoon

A) contains the sperm's genetic information.
B) contains mitochondria for energy production.
C) is a fructose-filled vesicle that provides energy for the spermatozoa.
D) contains enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the ovum.
E) contains microtubules that slide past each other to provide the sperm with motility.

Question 24

The prostate gland

A) secretes prostaglandins.
B) supplies fructose, which is utilized by the sperm for energy production.
C) secretes an alkaline medium that is important to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 25

The seminal vesicles

A) store sperm prior to ejaculation.
B) supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy.
C) are pierced by the urethra
D) lubricate the urethra prior to an ejaculation
E) all of these answers.

Question 26

During spermatogenesis, the first meiotic division yields two ____, and the second meiotic division yields four ____.

A) primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes
B) secondary spermatocytes, spermatids
C) spermatids, spermatozoa
D) spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes
E) none of these answers.

Question 27

Which structure secretes lubricating fluid prior to ejaculation?

A) vas deferens.
B) epididymis
C) seminal vesicles.
D) prostate gland.
E) bulbo-urethral glands

Question 28

Which female structure has a similar tissue composition as the penis.

A) cervical canal.
B) clitoris.
C) fallopian tube.
D) labia majora.
E) myometrium.

Question 29

During spermatogenesis

A) FSH is required for spermatid remodeling.
B) spermatogonia divide by mitosis
C) testosterone is essential for both mitosis and meiosis of the germ cells.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) all of the above

Question 30

Select the structure with the diploid chromosome number.

A) primary spermatocyte
B) secondary oocyte
C) secondary spermatocyte
D) spermatid
E) spermatozoan

Question 31

Inhibin

A) is produced by the Sertoli cells.
B) is produced by the developing sperm cells.
C) signals the pituitary gland.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 32

Which is the correct sequence of structures sperm travels through prior to ejaculation?

A) ductus deferens---epididymis---ejaculatory duct---urethra.
B) urethra---ductus deferens---epididymis---ejaculatory duct.
C) epididymis---ductus deferens---ejaculatory duct---urethra.
D) epididymis ---ductus deferens---ejaculatory duct---urethra.
E) ejaculatory duct---ductus deferens---epididymis ---urethra.

Question 33

GnRH

A) stimulates both FSH and LH secretion.
B) is inhibited by testosterone.
C) has low-level activity during the prepubertal period.
D) both stimulates both FSH and LH secretion and is inhibited by testosterone.
E) all of these answers.

Question 34

LH stimulates which cells to synthesize androgens?

A) sperm
B) spermatogonia
C) theca
D) granulosa
E) Sertoli

Question 35

During spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium containing

A) 46 chromosomes yields 16 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes.
B) 46 chromosomes yields 1 spermatozoon containing 23 chromosomes and a polar body containing the other 23 chromosomes.
C) 46 chromosomes yields 2 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes.
D) 46 chromosomes yields 1 spermatozoon containing 46 chromosomes.
E) 23 chromosomes yields 1 spermatozoon containing 23 chromosomes.

Question 36

Which value related to semen production is correct?

A) average volume ejaculated is 1 ml
B) total sperm count averages about 100 million
C) maximal sperm count is about 400 million
D) semen contains only sperm
E) none of the above

Question 37

Spermatogenesis

A) occurs in the interstitial cells
B) begins with the primary spermatocyte
C) is controlled by both testosterone and FSH.
D) is controlled by both testosterone and LH
E) occurs are a slower rate than oogenesis

Question 38

The prostate gland

A) secretes an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions.
B) secretes mucus for lubrication.
C) provides a site for final maturation for fertility and motility for the spermatozoa.
D) contains portions of the ductus deferens.
E) supplies fructose utilized by the sperm for energy.

Question 39

A secondary spermatocyte

A) is haploid with unduplicated chromosomes.
B) is haploid with duplicated chromosomes.
C) is diploid with unduplicated chromosomes.
D) is diploid with duplicated chromosomes.
E) none of these answers.

Question 40

Spermatogenesis is directly controlled by

A) LH.
B) FSH.
C) prostaglandins.
D) both FSH and prostaglandins.
E) all of these answers.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a component of the overall ejaculatory response?

A) arterioles supplying the penis dilate, causing the erectile tissue to fill with blood and the penis to become erect.
B) the smooth muscles of the prostate, reproductive ducts, and seminal vesicles contract, resulting in emission.
C) the sphincter at the neck of the bladder tightly closes.
D) semen is expelled from the penis by a series of rapid contractions of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis.
E) rhythmical contractions and accompanying systemic responses are associated with a pleasant sensation known as orgasm.

Question 42

Which of the following statements concerning spermatogenesis and oogenesis is incorrect?

A) One primary spermatocyte or one primary oocyte containing 46 chromosomes respectively yields two spermatozoa or two ova, each containing 23 chromosomes.
B) There is a continual supply of spermatogonia through mitotic activity.
C) The first meiotic division involved in oogenesis is completed just prior to ovulation.
D) It takes anywhere from about 11 to 50 years for the process of oogenesis to be completed.
E) During oogenesis, there is unequal distribution of cytoplasm resulting in the production of polar bodies that disintegrate.

Question 43

Why are polar bodies formed in oogenesis?

A) to produce 4 gametes each with adequate amounts of nutrients.
B) to produce one functional gamete with maximal nutrient content.
C) to dispose of extra chromosomes.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Question 44

LH is responsible for

A) reinitiation of meiosis in the oocytes of developing follicles.
B) halting estrogen synthesis by the follicular cells.
C) triggering ovulation.
D) formation of the corpus luteum.
E) all of these answers.

Question 45

Which ovarian hormone is secreted at negligible levels during the first half of the ovarian cycle?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) LH
D) FSH
E) prolactin

Question 46

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is correct?

A) After menopause there are still many primary follicles in the ovary
B) Polar bodies are larger than the ovum
C) The second meiotic division occurs prior to fertilization
D) Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division
E) The primary oocyte within a primary follicle is haploid cell.

Question 47

Which of the following is the proper sequence of phases in the sexual response cycle?

A) plateau, excitement, orgasmic, resolution.
B) excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution.
C) plateau, orgasmic, excitement, resolution.
D) resolution, plateau, orgasmic, excitement.
E) excitement, orgasmic, resolution, plateau.

Question 48

FSH stimulates which cells to synthesize estrogen from androgens?

A) sperm
B) spermatogonia
C) theca
D) granulosa
E) Sertoli

Question 49

One primary spermatocyte containing ____ chromosomes yields ____ spermatozoa containing ____ chromosomes, whereas one primary oocyte containing ____ chromosomes yields ____ ova (ovum) containing ____ chromosomes.

A) 46, 2, 23, 46, 2, 23
B) 46, 4, 23, 46, 1, 23
C) 46, 4, 23, 46, 4, 23
D) 23, 1, 23, 23, 1, 23
E) none of these answers.

Question 50

Which of the following is not true regarding penile erection?

A) involves dilation of the arterioles supplying the cavernous spaces of the penis.
B) is induced by nitric oxide.
C) involves venous constriction
D) occurs in response to parasympathetic nervous stimulation of the penis.
E) is a higher order brain reflex

Question 51

Which of the following does not occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A) the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
B) the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
C) estrogen secretion
D) progesterone secretion
E) FSH and LH secretion

Question 52

The number of primary oocytes in a female

A) is decreased continually throughout her reproductive life from puberty to menopause.
B) is maintained constant during her reproductive life because those that are lost are continuously replaced by an equal number of new primary oocytes.
C) increases at the time of menopause.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 53

The corpus luteum

A) develops from the polar body after ovulation.
B) develops from the fertilized ovum through a process of division and differentiation.
C) develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.
D) of pregnancy is stimulated by estrogen and progesterone secretion from the placenta.
E) is sloughed during menstruation if fertilization does not occur.

Question 54

What ovarian hormone(s) is secreted during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A) FSH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) LH
E) both estrogen and progesterone

Question 55

Which layer of the uterus is shed each month with menstruation?

A) endometrium.
B) myometrium.
C) perimetrium.
D) mucous.
E) none of these answers.

Question 56

During oogenesis,

A) thousands of primary oocytes are formed.
B) one primary oocyte yields 16 mature ova.
C) one primary oocyte yields 1 mature ovum.
D) each ovum contains 46 chromosomes at the time of ovulation.
E) sex hormones reach their lowest levels.

Question 57

GnRH is secreted from the ____ and stimulates ____ secretion.

A) anterior pituitary, FSH
B) anterior pituitary, ADH
C) posterior pituitary, FSH
D) posterior pituitary, LH
E) testis, testosterone

Question 58

Ovulation is associated with the rapid rise of which ovarian hormone?

A) estrogen
B) FSH
C) LH
D) progesterone
E) prostaglandins

Question 59

FSH is

A) an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates antrum formation in developing ovarian follicles.
B) is secreted at the same rate throughout the ovarian cycle
C) is not important in male reproductive physiology
D) both (a) and (b)
E) none of the above

Question 60

What hormone(s) is secreted by the corpus luteum?

A) FSH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) LH
E) both estrogen and progesterone

Question 61

The proliferative phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle

A) occurs when the ovarian cycle is in the follicular phase.
B) lasts from menstruation to ovulation.
C) occurs when the endometrium is repairing itself and thickening under the influence of estrogen.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 62

Which of the following statements concerning implantation is correct?

A) Implantation is accomplished by enzymatic activity of the trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst.
B) The endometrium at the site of implantation is converted into the nutrient-rich decidua.
C) Implantation occurs within 24 hours after fertilization.
D) Both (a) and (b) above are correct.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 63

Which of the following factors contributes to follicular development and ovulation?

A) FSH
B) LH
C) estrogen
D) both FSH and LH.
E) LH and estrogen

Question 64

During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum secretes ____ levels of estrogen and ____ levels of progesterone.

A) high, high
B) high, low
C) low, high
D) low, low

Question 65

An increase in the level of estrogen in the ovarian cycle feeds back to ____ the secretion of FSH and ____ the secretion of LH.

A) decrease, decrease
B) decrease, increase
C) increase, decrease
D) increase, increase

Question 66

During fertilization, sperm bind to specific receptor sites on the surface of the

A) zona pellucida.
B) corona radiata.
C) plasma membrane of the ovum.
D) polar body.
E) oviduct.

Question 67

Menstruation is initiated by

A) a rapid increase in estrogen levels.
B) a rapid drop in estrogen levels.
C) a rapid drop in progesterone levels.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 68

What hormone is only present upon a successful fertilization

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) FSH
D) LH
E) hCG

Question 69

A chemical change in which structure prevents polyspermy fertilization?

A) sperm
B) acrosome
C) ovaries
D) zona pellucida
E) corpus luteum

Question 70

During the follicular phase, the ovary secretes ____ levels of estrogen and ____ levels of progesterone.

A) high, high
B) high, low
C) low, high
D) low, low

Question 71

The normal site of implantation is the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) oviduct.
D) vagina.
E) fimbria.

Question 72

Postmenopausal women are not completely devoid of estrogen because all of the following produce estrogen except:

A) adipose tissue
B) liver
C) ovaries
D) adrenal cortex
E) none of the above

Question 73

Implantation

A) is accomplished as the trophoblastic cells break down the endometrial tissue.
B) occurs during the secretory, or progestational, phase of the menstrual cycle.
C) occurs within 24 hours after ovulation.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 74

Which of the following is the proper sequence of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

A) menstrual phase, progestational phase, proliferative phase, ovulation.
B) menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation, progestational phase.
C) proliferative phase, menstrual phase, ovulation, progestational phase.
D) ovulation, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, progestational phase.
E) ovulation, proliferative phase, progestational phase, menstrual phase.

Question 75

During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle,

A) a new ovarian follicular phase is beginning.
B) estrogen and progesterone levels reach their lowest concentration.
C) vasoconstriction of the uterine vessels occurs in response to release of a uterine prostaglandin.
D) the corpus luteum degenerates.
E) all of these answers.

Question 76

During which phase of the uterine cycle is the secretion of progesterone not at a significant level?

A) menstrual phase
B) proliferative phase
C) secretory, or progestational, phase
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 77

Implantation normally occurs

A) in the oviduct.
B) about 3 days after fertilization.
C) during the secretory, or progestational, phase.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 78

The normal site of fertilization is the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) oviduct.
D) vagina.
E) fimbria.

Question 79

Which of the following statements concerning control of ovarian hormone secretion is incorrect?

A) Low levels of estrogen inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in negative-feedback fashion.
B) Under the influence of estrogen from developing follicles, FSH and LH secretion both continue to decline throughout the follicular phase.
C) Both estrogen and progesterone are required to completely inhibit tonic LH secretion.
D) A high level of estrogen stimulates LH secretion and initiates the LH surge.
E) Progesterone powerfully inhibits both FSH and LH secretion.

Question 80

Fertilization is characterized by

A) a sperm's fertilin proteins binding to the ovum's integrin molecules.
B) a block to polyspermy.
C) multiple sperms penetrating the ovum.
D) blastocyst formation.
E) both (a) and (b) above.