Question 1

A diet that has the potential to reduce risk of stroke and heart disease is:&#10;A)The typical U.S.diet&#10;B)A diet emphasizing lean red meat and minimizing protein&#10;C)The Paleo diet that emphasizes only foods eaten by very early humans (meat and plants)&#10;D)A diet heavy in fish,vegetables,and vegetable oils (e.g. ,olive oil)

Accepted Answer

A diet heavy in fish, vegetables, and vegetable oils (such as olive oil) has been shown to lower risk of stroke and heart disease. Fish is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which can reduce inflammation and blood clotting, while vegetables and vegetable oils provide antioxidants and unsaturated fats that can help lower cholesterol levels. The typical U.S. diet and the Paleo diet are not necessarily healthy choices, and a diet emphasizing lean red meat may still contribute to heart disease risk.

Question 2

Standing up after a prolonged period of sitting is likely to result in which of the following?&#10;A)Exercise stress&#10;B)Lowered blood pressure&#10;C)Drop in heart rate&#10;D)Gravitational stress

Accepted Answer

When standing up after a prolonged period of sitting, the body experiences gravitational stress due to the change in position and the force of gravity acting on the body. This can lead to a temporary drop in blood pressure, which may cause dizziness or lightheadedness.

Question 3

In an older adult who is at risk of a lifestyle-related health condition,the primary goal of intervention is to:&#10;A)Break the downward spiral of disability and dysfunction by improving health behaviors&#10;B)Provide adequate psychosocial support to enable the elder to accept his or her decline&#10;C)Modify the environment to ensure safety as mobility and strength decline&#10;D)Prepare the older adult and his or her family for eventual total disability

Accepted Answer

The primary goal of intervention in an older adult at risk of lifestyle-related health conditions is to break the downward spiral of disability and dysfunction by improving health behaviors. This can help prevent or delay the onset of chronic diseases and improve overall quality of life. Providing psychosocial support, modifying the environment, and preparing for total disability may be necessary in some cases, but they are not the primary goal of intervention.

Question 4

Risk for ischemic heart disease can be reduced by:&#10;A)Driving a stick-shift car requiring use of both legs&#10;B)Improving workstation ergonomics to reduce back stress&#10;C)Reducing blood pressure and cholesterol&#10;D)Taking human growth hormone

Accepted Answer

Ischemic heart disease is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart due to blockages in the arteries. High blood pressure and cholesterol increase the risk of developing these blockages, so reducing these risk factors through changes in lifestyle, diet, and medication can lower the risk of developing ischemic heart disease. The other options (driving a stick-shift car and improving workstation ergonomics) do not have a direct impact on the risk of ischemic heart disease. Taking human growth hormone is not recommended for reducing the risk of ischemic heart disease, as it can have significant side effects and is not approved for this purpose.

Question 5

To reduce the risk of stroke by roughly half,it is necessary to reduce blood pressure by:&#10;A)10 mm Hg systolic&#10;B)20 mg Hg diastolic&#10;C)30 mm Hg systolic&#10;D)30 mg Hg diastolic

Accepted Answer

Reducing systolic blood pressure by 10 mm Hg has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of stroke, among other cardiovascular benefits.

Question 6

An extrinsic factor contributing to cardiovascular and pulmonary function is:&#10;A)Sleep deprivation&#10;B)Nutritional status&#10;C)Gender&#10;D)Medication

Accepted Answer

Medication can play a significant role in cardiovascular and pulmonary function. For example, medications used to treat hypertension, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can directly impact these systems.

Question 7

Exercise programs are likely to show the most rapid benefits in individuals who have been:&#10;A)Regular,lifelong exercisers&#10;B)Mostly sedentary&#10;C)Occasional exercisers over the past few years&#10;D)Previous exercise patterns are unrelated to current gains

Accepted Answer

Being mostly sedentary means there is significant room for improvement in fitness levels, resulting in more rapid benefits from an exercise program. Regular, lifelong exercisers may still see benefits from a new program, but they may not be as rapid or significant. Occasional exercisers over the past few years may have some baseline fitness, but not as much as someone who has been consistently exercising. Previous exercise patterns can have some impact on current gains, but the most significant gains are likely to come from starting from a mostly sedentary state.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor in impaired oxygen transport in older adults?&#10;A)Cardiopulmonary disease&#10;B)Hematologic factors&#10;C)Restricted mobility&#10;D)Depressive disorder

Accepted Answer

Cardiopulmonary disease, hematologic factors, and restricted mobility can all contribute to impaired oxygen transport in older adults. However, depressive disorder is not directly linked to impaired oxygen transport.

Question 9

For an older adult whose functional capacity is very low,the best recommendation about frequency of exercise would be:&#10;A)Several brief sessions each day&#10;B)Several lengthy sessions every other day&#10;C)Once a day&#10;D)High intensity three times a week

Accepted Answer

For an older adult with very low functional capacity, several brief sessions each day would be the best recommendation. This allows for gradual and manageable increases in physical activity without overwhelming the individual.

Question 10

Physical activity required to reduce risk of heart disease involves:&#10;A)Occasional low-intensity exercise like weekend bowling&#10;B)Regular low to moderate intensity exercise like walking thee to four times a week&#10;C)Daily high intensity exercise like running four or five miles&#10;D)Physical activity has no relationship with risk of heart disease

Accepted Answer

Regular low to moderate intensity exercise like walking three to four times a week has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease. Occasional low-intensity exercise like weekend bowling may not be enough to provide the necessary cardiovascular benefits, and daily high intensity exercise may not be suitable for everyone and could increase the risk of injury. It is well-established that physical activity is associated with reduced risk of heart disease, so option D is incorrect.

Deck 13: Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Function: Health Conditions