Deck 18: The New South and the New West, 1865-1900

Question 1

By 1883, there were half a million cattle in eastern Montana.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A violent "Negrophobia" swept across only the South.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Proponents of the New South believed that the South should:

A) eliminate agriculture
B) form a separate nation
C) industrialize
D) be dominated by planter aristocrats
E) encourage immigration of cheap labor

Answer 3

industrialize

Question 4

In the crop-lien system, farmers could grow little besides cotton, tobacco, or some other staple crop.

Question 5

The Indian wars effectively ended with the capture of Geronimo, a chief of the Chiricahua Apaches.

Question 6

The New South gospel emphasized all the following EXCEPT:

A) industrialization
B) sectional peace
C) women's rights
D) racial harmony
E) better education

Question 7

The frontier Indian wars began with the closing of the frontier in 1890.

Question 8

Due to high cotton prices, many sharecroppers were able to save money and buy farms.

Question 9

The number of cotton mills in the South more than doubled between 1880 and 1900.

Question 10

Twenty-five percent of the cowboys who participated in the Texas cattle drives were African Americans.

Question 11

The average annual income of white southerners was double that of Americans outside the South.

Question 12

The Mississippi Plan led in stripping blacks of their voting rights.

Question 13

In the late 1800s, the South experienced major increases in production in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A) automobiles
B) lumber
C) tobacco products
D) coal
E) textiles

Question 14

The main goal in passing the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to swindle the Indians out of their remaining lands.

Question 15

Women in the western territories and states were the last to get the right to vote.

Question 16

Proponents of creating a "New South" argued that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because:

A) slavery was unsustainable
B) of its inept military leadership
C) the Union embraced more desirable cultural values
D) the southern elite were soft and undisciplined
E) it relied too much upon King Cotton

Question 17

Hydraulic mining was the technique that proved least damaging to the environment.

Question 18

The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged the development of thriving western farms.

Question 19

The major champion of the New South gospel was:

A) J. L. M. Curry
B) Henry W. Grady
C) John Ruffin Green
D) Edmund Ruffin
E) C. Vann Woodward

Question 20

By 1900, lumbering in the South had surpassed textiles in value.

Question 21

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was:

A) declared constitutional
B) placed under the jurisdiction of the court
C) declared unconstitutional
D) endorsed by the Democratic party
E) replaced by the Civil Rights Act of 1876

Question 22

The Mississippi Plan:

A) guaranteed black voting rights
B) stripped blacks' voting rights
C) guaranteed black civil rights
D) stripped blacks of their civil rights
E) gave blacks confiscated land

Question 23

King Cotton survived the Civil War and expanded over new acreage:

A) because traditional overplanting of the crop continued
B) due to expanding its export market
C) because the U.S. government now gave farmers new subsidies
D) in spite of growing claims of collusion in the marketplace
E) even as synthetic materials were invented in the 1890s

Question 24

In the landmark case Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company:

A) New South leader Robert Woodruff sued a company polluting the Coca-Cola bottling plant
B) America's clean air laws were established
C) the judge ruled on the legality of dumping mining debris in water sources
D) Woodruff, a mine employee, sued because of an injury
E) the court ruled that open-pit mines were illegal in Michigan

Question 25

All of the following groups were prominent in the West during the late nineteenth century EXCEPT:

A) Exodusters
B) cowboys
C) slaves
D) miners
E) Indians

Question 26

Black migrants to the West were called "Exodusters" because:

A) most were ex-crop dusters
B) they were often making their exodus from the South
C) they carried topical infections
D) most saw the West as an exotic destination
E) their bodies were extremely dusty after the long trip

Question 27

Redeemers were all of the following EXCEPT:

A) conservative
B) pro-business
C) members of the Republican party
D) white politicians
E) members of the Democratic party

Question 28

The Comstock Lode refers to:

A) a reservation set aside for Indians in Texas
B) a mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada
C) a black disenfranchisement plan promoted by Bourbons
D) a cattle drive that ran through Ohio
E) the largest mountain in the Rockies

Question 29

Following the 1867 "Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes," Congress decided that the best way to end the Indian wars was:

A) to send in the army, under men such as George Custer, to break the morale of the Indians
B) to systematically kill most of the buffalo
C) to "Americanize" the Indians by offering them an education at the white man's schools
D) to persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations
E) to allow Indians to follow old traditions such as the Ghost Dance

Question 30

Six states were created from the western territories in the years 1889-1890. These states were not admitted before 1889 because:

A) Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican
B) the lawlessness of many western towns discouraged Congress from admitting the territories as states
C) polygamy, as practiced by the Mormons in the West, was unacceptable to Congress
D) if large mining firms had been forced to pay state taxes, they would have had to close down
E) the cattle ranchers lobbied for continued open range as regulated by the territorial legislatures

Question 31

Why was Alabama named the "Pittsburgh of the South"?

A) It was an iron center.
B) It had pirates.
C) It was Andrew Carnegie's birthplace.
D) It lacked racial segregation.
E) It had the same population size.

Question 32

"Furnishing" merchants provided the following services:

A) legal assistance
B) food, clothing, seed, and other items on credit
C) loans to purchase land
D) voter registration opportunities
E) medical services

Question 33

Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?

A) It used up what little water resources existed in the West.
B) It entailed the removal of entire mountain ranges, which killed wildlife and changed the climate.
C) It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.
D) It caused the migration of wildlife like raccoons, bears, and deer into nearby big cities.
E) This is a trick question. Hydraulic mining caused no significant environmental damage.

Question 34

The postwar South suffered from an acute shortage of:

A) capital
B) labor
C) cotton
D) domestic help
E) water

Question 35

Why did tenant farmers have no incentive to take care of the farmland that they were on?

A) They did not own the land on which they farmed.
B) It was not part of their tenant agreement.
C) They did not have the basic skills to keep it up.
D) They were tired of their status as tenant farmers.
E) Cotton replenishes the soil by adding nitrogen.

Question 36

Benjamin Singleton:

A) was an early promoter of black migration to the West
B) won a Congressional Medal of Honor for his capture of Sitting Bull
C) invented the refrigerated railroad car
D) was elected Readjuster governor of Virginia in 1879
E) became the first African American elected to Congress

Question 37

Who was a prominent southern tobacco executive during the late nineteenth century?

A) H. L. Mencken
B) Joe Camel
C) James Buchanan Duke
D) Henry Grady
E) Roy Bean

Question 38

Buffalo soldiers were:

A) black soldiers who served in the West
B) Indian scouts who helped the army against the Plains tribes
C) white hunters who killed millions of buffalo
D) Jamaican immigrants who joined the army in exchange for citizenship
E) the Rough Riders who rode with William Cody

Question 39

The very poor generally did not migrate to the West because:

A) western communities prohibited the settlement of poor people
B) they had everything they needed in their native communities
C) it was easier to migrate to the South
D) they generally could not afford the expense of transportation, land, and supplies
E) because they were only qualified to work in factories

Question 40

The American Tobacco Company was:

A) based in Dallas, Texas
B) second only to the Bull Durham Company in cigarette production at the turn of the century
C) dominating the U.S. tobacco industry by the twentieth century
D) the first such government-owned company in the United States
E) Virginia's largest industrial employer

Question 41

The conventional explanation that the buffalo disappeared from the plains due to overhunting by whites in the West is incomplete because:

A) the buffalo never disappeared from the plains
B) whites actually hunted very few buffalo
C) estimates of the buffalo population decline have since been shown to be exaggerated
D) it ignores buffalo migration to Mexico and Canada
E) it does not account for environmental factors, such as changes in climate and competition for forage with other animals

Question 42

The first great cow town was:

A) Abilene, Kansas
B) St. Louis, Missouri
C) Fort Worth, Texas
D) Butte, Montana
E) Denver, Colorado

Question 43

In the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876:

A) General George Custer's troops defeated the Cherokee and Seminole Indians
B) some 2,500 Indians annihilated a detachment of 210 soldiers
C) Chief Red Cloud was captured and murdered
D) Sioux and Cheyenne Indians won a large chunk of the Montana Territory, which they kept for fourteen years
E) Sitting Bull scouted for the United States against his own people

Question 44

The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination was the:

A) Apache
B) Comanche
C) Crow
D) Sioux
E) Blackfeet

Question 45

By the late nineteenth century, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians believed:

A) his people should resist white settlement to their very last man, woman, and child
B) the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people's needless deaths
C) White Americans offered a superior way of life
D) magic would save his people from defeat
E) a massive alliance of Indians offered one last chance to turn back American settlement

Question 46

If there had been no white hunters in the West, the buffalo:

A) would have remained a vibrant presence on the plains
B) population would have increased to unsustainable levels
C) would have been killed off by wolves
D) population would still have experienced a devastating decline
E) would have been domesticated like horses

Question 47

Congress passed the Homestead Act:

A) because the big ranchers lobbied for it
B) to encourage settlement of the western lands
C) in order to encourage the railroads to build a transcontinental road out of the North
D) to place Indians on reservations
E) in order to build militias in Indian country

Question 48

Violence in the mining towns was:

A) as common as racial prejudice
B) instigated by cattlemen
C) never very prominent
D) perpetrated by Indians
E) not as bad as it sounds

Question 49

Why was Helen Hunt Jackson's book A Century of Dishonor so influential?

A) It affected American attitudes toward Indians in a way similar to how Uncle Tom's Cabin mobilized the abolitionist movement a generation earlier.
B) It provoked an intensification of efforts to exterminate the Native American population.
C) It forced the New South to acknowledge racial equality.
D) It mobilized black opinion to fight discrimination in the South.
E) It inspired the preservationist movement by focusing attention on the decline of the buffalo.

Question 50

The rise of the cattle industry:

A) saw the decline of the railroad
B) made San Francisco the fastest growing city in the nation
C) made Chicago the fastest growing city in the nation
D) was also the decline of the agricultural industry
E) also saw the rise in international trade

Question 51

What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act?

A) It was designed to sever ties the Native Americans had with Canada.
B) It gave individual Indians up to 520 acres of land.
C) It made the KKK illegal.
D) It sought to "Americanize" Indians by dealing with them as individuals.
E) It made Native Americans U.S. citizens.

Question 52

Cow town refers to:

A) the destinations where cattle in the West were shipped
B) the open ranges where cattle roamed free
C) Indian trading depots where cattle were traded for other goods
D) Chicago
E) towns that grew up in the West as a result of the expanding cattle industry

Question 53

As railroads brought piles of lumber to the West:

A) the lumber industry experienced a shortage of lumber in the East
B) farmers protested this development
C) local lumber companies protested
D) farmers could upgrade their houses
E) Indians protested the arrival of this commodity

Question 54

In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes addressed the American approach to dealing with Native Americans, saying:

A) "we must kill the Indian in order to save the man"
B) "the only good Indian is a dead one"
C) "if we kill the bison, we control the Indians"
D) "Indians must be removed from tribes in order to progress"
E) "Many, if not most of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice on our part"

Question 55

Range wars erupted by the late nineteenth century because of:

A) Indian encroachments on white lands
B) the impact of the growing buffalo population on available cattle land
C) the use of barbed-wire fences
D) rancher conflicts with the U.S. military regarding enforcement of federal land laws
E) conflicts over the proper roles and responsibilities for women engaged in ranching

Question 56

Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?

A) As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of western cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.
B) The railroads enabled eastern cattle to be shipped west and feed the region's growing population.
C) The railroads opened up Mexico as a market for American meat.
D) Cowboys from the eastern states could now travel to the West to apply their expertise.
E) The railroads increased the industry's profit margin by eliminating the need for cowboys.

Question 57

The open range meant

A) land was owned by all
B) land was owned by the Indians
C) land was part of the public domain
D) land ownership had to be approved by Congress
E) land was open to mining

Question 58

Cattle drives:

A) delivered herds to the slaughterhouses in Chicago
B) were conducted by cowboys, twenty-five percent of whom were African Americans
C) typically started from ranches in Kansas and Oklahoma
D) caused the extinction of Texas longhorns
E) almost always began in Montana and ended in Texas

Question 59

Joseph Glidden:

A) was a railroad man who reaped great profits from the early cattle drives
B) perfected the invention of barbed wire
C) made his fame as a buffalo hunter, slaughtering thousands of the animals
D) led the sheep ranchers against the cattlemen for control of western grazing lands
E) called for regulation of bonanza farms

Question 60

This export crop spurred growth in agriculture in the West during the late nineteenth century:

A) cotton
B) rice
C) corn
D) wheat
E) cattle

Question 61

One of the goals of the New South prophets was a diversified agriculture. What factors stood in the way of this goal?

Question 62

How did the nature of mining change in the second half of the nineteenth century, and what impact did these changes have on the environment?

Question 63

One might say that the West actually consisted of three frontiers: the miners', the cowboys', and the farmers'. What problems did each of these groups face?

Question 64

The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women:

A) more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts
B) have a mutual hatred for Native Americans
C) come to an understanding that women would play a subservient role on the frontier
D) realize their mistakes that led them to follow a very nomadic lifestyle
E) mentally instable

Question 65

Describe how the pervasive use of tenancy and sharecropping affected the environment.

Question 66

The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that:

A) the frontier shaped America's national character
B) equality has always been this country's leading ideal
C) America's culture is largely a copy of Europe's
D) the United States would become the world's leading power
E) America would have to find "new" Indians to conquer

Question 67

Describe the government's policy toward Indians. How did this policy develop over the years, and what were the main factors that influenced its development?

Question 68

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Henry Grady

A)editor of the Atlanta Constitution
B)made improved plow for plains farmers
C)a livestock dealer who helped establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first successful cow town
D)the foremost promoter of black migration to the West
E)founded American Tobacco Company
F)said that the Indian wars were the result of broken promises by Americans
G)wrote that the frontier had shaped American national character
H)led massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek
I)barbed-wire promoter
J)author of A Century of Dishonor

Question 69

Describe the role of women in the New West.

Question 70

What was the African American experience during the latter part of the nineteenth century? How did that experience vary depending on the region?

Question 71

Describe the special problems that settlers on the frontier faced, focusing on the conditions that women faced as they settled West.

Question 72

Describe the pattern of race relations in the South from the end of Reconstruction to 1900.

Question 73

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

A)editor of the Atlanta Constitution
B)made improved plow for plains farmers
C)a livestock dealer who helped establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first successful cow town
D)the foremost promoter of black migration to the West
E)founded American Tobacco Company
F)said that the Indian wars were the result of broken promises by Americans
G)wrote that the frontier had shaped American national character
H)led massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek
I)barbed-wire promoter
J)author of A Century of Dishonor

Question 74

The 1890 census reported that:

A) Indians still outnumbered whites in the West
B) more people lived in big cities than in rural areas
C) the frontier era in American development was over
D) it would take several more generations to close the American West to settlement
E) California had become the most populous state in the Union

Question 75

The so-called frontier thesis is problematic because, among other things:

A) it argued the frontier was an insignificant force for American history
B) it exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women
C) it suggested the frontier could endure limitless expansion
D) it claimed Indians did more to shape the frontier than white settlers
E) it said the American frontier experience was identical to the experiences endured by all developed nations

Question 76

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
James Buchanan Duke

A)editor of the Atlanta Constitution
B)made improved plow for plains farmers
C)a livestock dealer who helped establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first successful cow town
D)the foremost promoter of black migration to the West
E)founded American Tobacco Company
F)said that the Indian wars were the result of broken promises by Americans
G)wrote that the frontier had shaped American national character
H)led massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek
I)barbed-wire promoter
J)author of A Century of Dishonor

Question 77

So many critical developments shaping politics, economy, and society during the latter part of the nineteenth century were the products of unintended consequences. Identify two or three examples of unintended consequences and why they are important to understanding the history of this period.

Question 78

In much of the nineteenth century, women in Texas were legally prohibited from:

A) serving on juries
B) farming
C) getting any education
D) getting married
E) suing for divorce

Question 79

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
J. M. Chivington

A)editor of the Atlanta Constitution
B)made improved plow for plains farmers
C)a livestock dealer who helped establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first successful cow town
D)the foremost promoter of black migration to the West
E)founded American Tobacco Company
F)said that the Indian wars were the result of broken promises by Americans
G)wrote that the frontier had shaped American national character
H)led massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek
I)barbed-wire promoter
J)author of A Century of Dishonor

Question 80

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Joseph Glidden

A)editor of the Atlanta Constitution
B)made improved plow for plains farmers
C)a livestock dealer who helped establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first successful cow town
D)the foremost promoter of black migration to the West
E)founded American Tobacco Company
F)said that the Indian wars were the result of broken promises by Americans
G)wrote that the frontier had shaped American national character
H)led massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek
I)barbed-wire promoter
J)author of A Century of Dishonor