Deck 3: Research Ethics

Question 1

Research that uses human subjects is: 3-5)

A)subject to international review board review
B)considered to be unethical
C)considered unreliable
D)subject to institutional review board review

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sherman and Berk's research on police response to domestic violence was 3-16)

A)Exploratory research
B)Explanatory research
C)Descriptive research
D)Evaluation research

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The ACJS Code of Ethics stipulates that 3-6)

A)Research should expose participants to no more than minimal risk of harm.
B)Researchers should fully disclose the purposes of their research.
C)Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived
D)All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When information is gathered by researchers and there are no identifying characteristics which would allow the researchers to match up results to individual subjects, this illustrates: 3-15)

A)confidentiality
B)the absence of deception
C)anonymity
D)assurance of voluntary participation

Question 5

Zimbardo was concerned about the phenomenon of 3-16)

A)Abusive spouses
B)Police conflict
C)Situational influence on behavior
D)Uses of science

Question 6

"Individuals involuntarily confined or detained in a penal institution" includes individuals who are 3-19)

A)sentenced to such institution under criminal statute
B)detained in other facilities by virtue of commitment procedures as an alternative to criminal prosecution or incarceration
C)detained pending arraignment, trial or sentencing
D)All of the above

Question 7

Before research may be conducted on children, what must happen? 3-17)

A)Written parental consent must be given
B)Oral parental consent must be given
C)Assent by the child involved must be given
D)None of the above

Question 8

Milgram was concerned about the phenomenon of obedience because of its implications for 3-16)

A)His reputation
B)Explaining past atrocities
C)People's welfare
D)All of the above

Question 9

According to federal regulations, which of the following represents a special population for purposes of criminal justice research? 3-17)

A)police officers
B)children
C)corrections officers
D)judges

Question 10

After a research project is completed, a vital element in maintaining openness and honesty is that the information should be 3-8)

A)Kept in the researcher's file because of concerns about harm to participants.
B)Open for review by the larger research community so that questions about aspects of the research be submitted for public discourse.
C)Kept secret because the researcher did all the work and shouldn't be forced to allow others to plagiarize the work.
D)None of the above

Question 11

There are special protections for certain segments of the population including 3-17)

A)Children
B)Wives
C)Prisoners
D)Both A and C

Question 12

Results of research regarding child sexuality indicated that 3-20)

A)Adult males were more likely to engage in sexual conversation
B)Face-to-face meetings were more likely suggested for impersonators 16 or older
C)Almost half of the adult males stopped the conversation after they learned the impersonator was 10 or 12
D)All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following comes closest to describing the purpose of an IRB? 3-6)

A)to determine if adequate safeguards for protection of subjects is in place
B)to determine if the proposed research is worthy of study
C)to turn violators of ethical principles over to the police
D)to make it difficult for any social science research to be completed

Question 14

What famous prison simulation raised questions about the ethical treatment of subjects? 3-1)

A)Harvard University Jail Study
B)Milgram's obedience study
C)Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study
D)Humphreys Tearoom Trade

Question 15

Milgram's experimenters dealt with "harm" to participants through after the fact 3-11)

A)Tense emotional manipulation of individuals
B)Debriefing of participants
C)Friendships cultivated with participants
D)Avoidance

Question 16

When a subject is misled about research procedures in an effort to determine how they would react to the treatment if they were not in a research study, this has occurred 3-14)

A)Participation
B)Honesty
C)Deception
D)None of the above

Question 17

Consent may only be given by a person who is 3-11)

A)Competent to consent
B)Fully informed about the research
C)Able to comprehend what they have been told
D)All of the above

Question 18

Of the following violations to general ethical rules, which is the most common and most acceptable, if properly addressed? 3-14)

A)Deception of the subjects
B)Harming the subjects
C)Breaking confidentiality
D)It is never acceptable to violate ethical rules

Question 19

The ____ Report 1979)from the U.S.Department of Health, Education and Welfare established three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.3-5)

A)Milgram
B)Nuremberg
C)Belmont
D)Humphreys

Question 20

In the 2006 replication of the Milgram obedience experiment, obedience rates 3-20)

A)Were the same as in the original experiment
B)Were much higher than in the original experiment
C)Were much lower than in the original experiment
D)Were slightly lower than in the original experiment

Question 21

____ 8.Research relying on children and prisoners usually require a full review by an institutional review board IRB).3-17)

Question 22

____ 4.Deceptions of human subjects is never appropriate.3-14)

Question 23

____ 1.Ethical considerations in criminal justice research are always apparent.3-6)

Question 24

Baumrind 1985)dismissed Milgram's findings in the obedience experiments because 3-10)

A)Of the value of the self-reported "lack of harm" of subjects who had been willing participants in the experiment
B)The research indicated that most students who have participated in a deception experiment report a decreased level of trust in authorities
C)Both A and B are true
D)None of the above

Question 25

Milgram believed that 3-9)

A)The obedience experiments he conducted would only apply with regard to WWII
B)His controversial experiments on obedience were entirely ethical
C)Most of his work showing obedience applied only to higher-ups in a situation, but not to those of lower status
D)His obedience experiments were very straightforward

Question 26

The authors of your text argue that a commitment to achieving valid results is necessary because 3-7)

A)Researchers approach their research subjectively.
B)Without out it researchers cannot show reliability in research which is vital.
C)Without it we cannot represent our actions as contributing to the advancement of knowledge.
D)All of the above

Question 27

Obtaining informed consent may create challenges for the researcher, such as 3-11)

A)The language of the consent form must be clear and understandable
B)The person must be competent to consent
C)The person must comprehend what they have been told
D)All of the above

Question 28

Zimbardo devised his experiment to that the situation would seem very realistic to participants and yet allow 3-7)

A)Careful measurement of important variables
B)Careful observation of behavior at all times
C)Interviews with participants as the research proceeded
D)All of the above

Question 29

____ 10.In the updated replication of Milgram's obedience experiment, participants were told at two times that they could withdraw from the study at any time.3-20)

Question 30

Between 1946 and 1948, the United States conducted studies to determine the efficacy of drugs such as penicillin to treat and prevent syphilis.This research was conducted in 3-20)

A)China
B)Russia
C)Guatemala
D)Mexico

Question 31

____ 6.Federal regulations established in 1991 that are based on the principles of the Belmont Report.3-5)

Question 32

The scientific concern with validity requires that 3-8)

A)The political distortion doesn't find particular outcomes or most marketable results
B)Scientists openly disclose their methods
C)The honest presentation of findings by scientists occurs
D)Both B and C

Question 33

____ 5.Formal procedures regarding the protection of research participants emerged only after the revelation of several very questionable and damaging research practices exposed during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.3-4)

Question 34

____ 2.Social research may cause psychological harm or embarrassment in people who are asked to reveal information about themselves.3-10)

Question 35

The scientific concern with ___ requires that scientists openly disclose their methods.3-8)

A)Reliability
B)Validity
C)Observation
D)None of the above

Question 36

____ 9.A few IRBs have allowed both Milgram's obedience experiment and Zimbardo's prison experiment to be replicated.3-16)

Question 37

Zimbardo's devised his Stanford prison experiment so that 3-7)

A)It would show the effects of being a prison guard around the world realistically
B)Very similar to a college dorm experience and therefore not groundbreaking at all
C)It would seem realistic to the participants and yet allow careful measurement of variables
D)None of the above

Question 38

____ 7.The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences ACJS)and the American Society of Criminology ASC), like most professional social science organizations, have adopted ethical guidelines for practicing criminologists.3-6)

Question 39

When the researcher informs subjects after an experiment about his/her purposes and methods, and evaluates subjects' personal reactions to the experiment is known as 3-9)

A)Reaction statements
B)Debriefing
C)Experiential check-in
D)None of the above

Question 40

____ 3.In order to conduct research involving human subjects a university must send research through an institutional review board IRB).3-6)

Question 41

Explain how an institutional review board IRB)operates and how it classifies research.

Question 42

____ 18.Research ethics encourages us to understand rather than to judge it from a moral standpoint.3-16)

Question 43

Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.3-9)

Question 44

____ 11.Informed consent for a child can be given by an adult friend if the parent is unavailable.3-14)

Question 45

____ 20.The researcher's commitment to maintaining privacy and confidentiality does not apply to observations in public places.3-15)

Question 46

____ 12.In the Milgram study, experimental researchers withheld information before the experiment began but debriefed subjects at the end of the experiment.3-9)

Question 47

Philip Zimbardo 2008)himself decided that his Stanford Prison Experiment was unethical because it violated the first two of the principles outlined by the ACJS Code of Ethics.What were they? 3-8)

Question 48

____ 16.Consent may only be given by people who are competent to give consent.3-11)

Question 49

____ 19.Experimental researchers whose research designs require some sort of deception should debrief subjects at the end.3-14)

Question 50

Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects' protections.3-19)

Question 51

Describe the Zimbardo experiment.Do you agree with Zimbardo's assumption that the effects of being a prisoner or guard could fruitfully be studied in a mock prison with pretend prisoners? Do you find merit in the criticisms?

Question 52

Choose any one of the research studies from the text's discussion on ethics, and 1)describe the research, and 2)briefly discuss the ethical issues involved.

Question 53

Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.3-

Question 54

List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Question 55

Define the Belmont Report's three ethical standards for the protection of human subjects.

Question 56

____ 14.Deception occurs when subjects are misled about research procedures in order to make sure they answer the way the researchers want them to answer.3-14)

Question 57

____ 17.The Belmont Report established four basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.3-5)

Question 58

____ 15.Milgram argued that his findings shed light on conduct during the Vietnam War, slavery, the destruction of the American Indian population, as well as the internment of Japanese Americans in WWII.3-16)

Question 59

____ 13.The process and even possibility of obtaining informed consent must take into account the capacity of prospective participants to give informed consent.3-14)

Question 60

.What was Milgram's obedience research prompted by? Describe the research.Do you agree with his conclusion that the experiment was entirely ethical? Why or why not?

Question 61

One of the issues with Milgram's research was that it appeared to participants that they were harming another the learner)by delivering an electric shock.Do you agree that participants were harmed - psychologically or physically? Should participants be allowed to feel NO anxiety or distress as a result of a study, or does that undermine the purpose of the research? 3-9)

Question 62

What are the two exceptions to the constraints on maintaining privacy and confidentiality of research participants? 3-15)

Question 63

Do you agree with Zimbardo's conclusion that his experiment was not ethical? Why or why not? Should it have been prevented from happening in the first place? 3-8)

Question 64

Milgram argued that his research on obedience has implications for people's welfare.He cites examples regarding atrocities committed under the US government throughout American history, including those committed at My Lai during the Vietnam War, slavery, the destruction of the American Indian population and the internment of Japanese during WWII.Explain what he meant by this, and how convincing was his argument?

Question 65

What does it mean to have "informed consent"? What challenges may a researcher face with this issue?