Deck 3: The First Two Years: Body and Mind

Question 1

The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called "_____."

Answer 1

neurons

Question 2

The last area of the brain to mature is the _____.

Answer 2

prefrontal cortex

Question 3

Regarding infant-parent co-sleeping,Asian and African mothers tend to worry more about _____ than privacy compared to European and North American parents.

Answer 3

separation

Question 4

A dozing,half-awake newborn is experiencing _____ sleep.

Question 5

Newborns spend quite a lot of time in rapid eye movement sleep.Such sleep is associated with _____.

Question 6

The six outer layers of the brain,involved in feeling,thinking,and sensing,are referred to as the "_____."

Question 7

The process of brain development that involves the atrophy and death of connections that are not being used is called "_____."

Question 8

Growth is often expressed in a(n)_____,indicating how one person compares to another.

Question 9

The fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons is called a(n)"_____."

Question 10

Sensation occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus;_____ occurs when the brain processes this sensory information.

Question 11

Infants typically double their birthweight by the _____ month of life.

Question 12

Certain brain functions require basic experiences in order to develop,such as language.This is known as "_____ growth."

Question 13

The fetus's sense of hearing develops during the _____ trimester of pregnancy.

Question 14

The tendency of brain development to be protected,even when temporary factors affect the body's growth,is referred to as "_____."

Question 15

_____ is a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is violently moved back and forth in a reckless manner,because this motion ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

Question 16

_____ are the brain chemicals that carry information across the synaptic gap between neurons.

Question 17

A(n)_____ is the intersection where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons.

Question 18

In Avia's family,infants sleep beside their parents in a practice known as "_____."

Question 19

Flickering of the closed eyes and rapid brain waves are characteristics of the sleep cycle known as "_____."

Question 20

The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life is called "_____."

Question 21

Physical abilities that involve large body movements are called "_____ skills."

Question 22

Ivy hides a rattle under a blanket to see if baby Chase will try to lift the blanket and retrieve the rattle.Ivy is assessing _____.

Question 23

The first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are called "_____ circular reactions."

Question 24

Muscle strength,_____,and practice interact to help toddlers learn to walk.

Question 25

Compared to ordinary speech,child-directed speech has a _____ pitch.

Question 26

Pain and temperature are not among the traditional five senses,but they are often connected to _____.

Question 27

Noting that children between 12 and 18 months of age engage in extensive experimentation and exploration,Piaget referred to them as "_____."

Question 28

Internationally,the earliest walkers tend to be in the continent of _____,where many well-nourished and healthy babies walk at 10 months.

Question 29

The perspective of cognition modeled on computer functioning is called the "_____ approach."

Question 30

Stage four of the sensorimotor period is known as "new adaptation and _____."

Question 31

Maizey,Jon,and Chantel are 8-month-old infants.Maizey is from Germany;Jon is from Taiwan,and Chantel is from the United States.The sequence of language development for these babies will be _____.

Question 32

Because of maturation of the language areas of the _____,even 4-month-old infants attend to voices,depending on expectations of the rhythm,segmentation,and cadence of spoken words long before comprehension.

Question 33

An infant's repetition of syllables such as "ba-ba" is called "_____."

Question 34

The distinct form of language used by adults to communicate with babies is called _____.

Question 35

In the final stage of sensorimotor intelligence,toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using _____ combinations.

Question 36

Researcher Carolyn Rovee-Collier developed an experiment showing that 3-month-old infants could remember after two weeks if they had a brief _____ session before being retested.

Question 37

The ability to use both eyes together to focus on an object is called "_____ vision."

Question 38

Stanley,age 20 months,observes his mom hitting her foot on the ottoman in the living room.She then hops around holding her foot.Two weeks later,Stanley runs into his toy box,hops around,and holds his foot like his mother did.Stanley's behavior illustrates Piaget's concept of "_____ imitation."

Question 39

According to Piaget,the first stage of cognitive development is the _____ period,which lasts from birth until about age 2.

Question 40

The most valued _____ skills are finger movements,which enable humans to write,draw,type,tie,etc.

Question 41

Researchers looking at the effects of screen time on infant development have found that the crucial factor for intellectual growth seems to be caregiver responses to the individual child,_____.

Question 42

Contemporary advocates for the _____ system of language development conclude that there is no single critical period for language acquisition,but rather that the many aspects of language are mastered at various times and in various ways.

Question 43

The fact that variations in a child's vocabulary size correlate with the amount of language that child has heard underlies the _____ theory of language learning.

Question 44

A single-word utterance that expresses a complete thought is called a(n)"_____."

Question 45

The "Back to Sleep" campaign has cut the rate of _____ dramatically.

Question 46

Children reach half their adult height by about the age of _____ years.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 47

Widespread immunization eradicated _____,the most lethal disease for children.

Question 48

_____ milk contains micronutrients not found in formula.

Question 49

Cassandra's weight is in the 30th percentile.This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does.

A) 29;69
B) 25;75
C) 70;30
D) 81;19

Question 50

The initials LAD stand for "_____," Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language,including the basic aspects of grammar,vocabulary,and intonation.

Question 51

Three-month-old Frances is at reduced risk for developing obesity,allergies,and asthma because she is fed _____.

Question 52

In 2017,worldwide,about one infant in 30 died before age _____.

Question 53

The average baby will grow about _____ inches by his or her second birthday.

A) 10
B) 14
C) 20
D) 27

Question 54

Lilly,who experienced severe and chronic malnutrition,has grown very little since toddlerhood and is currently well below average in height.Lilly likely suffers from _____.

Question 55

A _____ is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well.

A) normal score
B) standard deviation
C) percentile
D) norm

Question 56

When his sippy cup is empty,2-year-old Thomas approaches his father and says,"More juice." His combination of words in the correct order shows that he has begun to master _____.

Question 57

The average number of words in a typical sentence is called "_____," which is used to measure a child's language progress.

Question 58

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds.

A) 14
B) 28
C) 42
D) 56

Question 59

The average newborn triples his or her weight by:

A) 6 months.
B) 1 year.
C) 1.5 years.
D) 2 years.

Question 60

_____ malnutrition occurs when a person does not consume enough food to sustain normal growth.

Question 61

Amanda brought her 6-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit.The doctor says that her son is healthy and that his weight is in the 20th percentile.What does this mean?

A) He is large for his age.
B) He is not growing properly.
C) He is malnourished.
D) He falls within an acceptable range.

Question 62

In addition to cultural influences,what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant?

A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
B) Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods.
C) Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion.
D) Co-sleeping infants become more independent.

Question 63

_____ is a condition that may be caused by poor nutrition,allergies,the microbiome,or other medical conditions.

A) Dwarfism
B) Obesity
C) Failure to thrive
D) Head-sparing

Question 64

Mr.and Mrs.Hernandez are parents of newborn Glen.The pediatrician tells them that Glen's height falls at the 92nd percentile.This means that Glen is:

A) above average in height.
B) below average in height.
C) eating too often.
D) underweight.

Question 65

Slow-wave sleep:

A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age.
B) is also known as "REM sleep."
C) is also known as "paradoxical sleep."
D) rarely occurs until 2 years of age.

Question 66

A newborn's brain weight is _____ an adult's brain weight.

A) greater than
B) the same as
C) 75 percent of
D) 25 percent of

Question 67

Synapses are:

A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron.
B) where neurons make direct contact with one another.
C) chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons.
D) the area where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not.

Question 68

The average newborn sleeps approximately _____ hours a day.

A) 12 to 14
B) 15 to 17
C) 18 to 20
D) 21 to 23

Question 69

The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth.This protective feature is known as:

A) the blood-brain barrier.
B) brain-override.
C) head-sparing.
D) caudal protection.

Question 70

Twelve-month-old Iona has slept in her parents' bed since she was born.This custom is called:

A) co-bedding.
B) shared sleep.
C) sleep accommodation.
D) co-sleeping.

Question 71

Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother:

A) is in a fetal position around the baby.
B) is a light sleeper.
C) has been drinking.
D) awakens frequently.

Question 72

The central nervous system includes the _____ and _____.

A) spinal cord;heart
B) brain;lungs
C) prefrontal cortex;heart
D) brain;spinal cord

Question 73

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n):

A) frontal cell.
B) axon.
C) dendrite.
D) neuron.

Question 74

Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called:

A) synapses.
B) cortexes.
C) axons.
D) dendrites.

Question 75

The dozing,half-awake state often seen in newborns is called:

A) REM sleep.
B) paradoxical sleep.
C) transitional sleep.
D) postnatal sleep.

Question 76

Which statement describes the brain's cortex?

A) It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes.
B) It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking,feeling,and sensing.
D) It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.

Question 77

At birth,the human brain can be characterized as having _____ of neurons.

A) thousands
B) millions
C) billions
D) trillions

Question 78

According to international rates of co-sleeping,which baby is MOST likely to sleep in his or her parents' bed?

A) Lesley,who is from New Zealand
B) Mark,who is from Canada
C) Dinh,who is from Switzerland
D) Althea,who is from the Philippines

Question 79

The signs of REM sleep include flickering of the infant's:

A) open eyes and rapid brain waves.
B) closed eyes and rapid brain waves.
C) open eyes and slow,steady brain waves.
D) closed eyes and slow,steady brain waves.

Question 80

The outer layers of the brain are referred to as:

A) the cortex.
B) axons.
C) dendrites.
D) synapses.