Deck 4: The First Two Years: The Social World

Question 1

An infant who cries when an unknown person approaches is displaying _____.

Answer 1

stranger wariness (fear of strangers)

Question 2

One-year-old Juan follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in a chair.He is exhibiting his attachment to her through _____ behavior.

Answer 2

proximity-seeking

Question 3

The part of the brain known as the "_____" is affected by chronic early stress;as a result,this part of the brain may develop more slowly in a stressed infant than in a nonstressed infant.

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

When Maxine peeks over the side of 7-week-old Tony's bed and smiles,Tony smiles back.Tony is demonstrating the _____ smile.

Question 5

According to contemporary research on temperament,the three dimensions of temperament include effortful control,_____,and exuberance.

Question 6

Children's realization that they are separate persons with minds,bodies,and behaviors that are distinct from those around them is called "_____."

Question 7

Experience connects the amygdala and the prefrontal _____.

Question 8

The _____ technique is an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

Question 9

An infant's fear of being left alone by a parent or other caregiver is called "_____."

Question 10

Attachment is _____,beginning before birth and influencing relationships throughout life.

Question 11

In their study of "temperamental individuality," the New York Longitudinal Study researchers found that infants can be characterized as easy,difficult,hard-to-classify,or _____.

Question 12

_____ helps infants learn to express as well as understand human emotions.

Question 13

Research shows that synchrony is _____;that is,it is needed for normal growth.

Question 14

As babies transition into toddlerhood,the new strength of emotions is especially evident in _____.

Question 15

During the Strange Situation,12-month-old Darlene shows no distress at her mother's departure and is also indifferent to her return.Darlene is displaying characteristics of _____ attachment.

Question 16

The proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors of a 12-month-old infant are evidenced by the affectionate tie that Ainsworth called "_____."

Question 17

Baby Jasmine first met her grandmother when she was just days old.Their second meeting was at Jasmine's first birthday party.However,Jasmine wanted nothing to do with her grandmother,whose feelings were deeply hurt.Jasmine's behavior may be explained by _____.

Question 18

The term for the patterned "jazz duet or waltz" of mutual exchange between parent and infant is _____.

Question 19

According to the New York Longitudinal Study,an infant with colic would probably not be classified as _____ because the crying is out of the child's control.

Question 20

The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable across time and situations is what psychologists call "_____."

Question 21

Psychologists from the _____ school of thought believe that a child's personality is "created" or largely determined by his or her parents.

Question 22

When a baby discovers that her world is a fairly predictable place in which her needs are met by a responsive caregiver,Erikson would say she has resolved the crisis of _____ versus mistrust.

Question 23

Baby Joe hits and then kisses his father.During the day,he will routinely stare off into space,followed by intense temper tantrums that do not seem to have an obvious cause.When frustrated,Joe will pinch himself,as well as his caregivers.These behaviors are characteristic of _____ attachment.

Question 24

When infants watch other people for emotional cues in uncertain situations,they are engaging in _____.

Question 25

The _____ is the classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment by evoking an infant's reaction to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

Question 26

Research on the developmental progression of adopted Romanian infants reveals that early _____,not genetics,was the most likely cause of their later problems.

Question 27

In a cross-cultural study examining child-rearing practices,researchers found that toddlers with _____ mothers were more obedient but less self-aware than toddlers with distal mothers.

Question 28

_____ infant care is common in France,Israel,China,Chile,Norway,and Sweden.

Question 29

Xavier was classified as a securely attached baby many years ago.As an adult,Xavier has supportive relationships and positive _____.

Question 30

As an infant,Ami participated in a study of attachment.According to her behavior in the Strange Situation,Ami was classified as "_____." Today,she tends to be a loner,aloof in personal relationships,and feels isolated from others.

Question 31

Humans birth children at relatively short intervals because of _____,the care of children by people other than the biological parents.

Question 32

During the Strange Situation,12-month-old Sol clings anxiously to his mother and cries loudly when she leaves the room.When she returns,Sol pushes her away but then cries if she puts him down.Sol's behavior is consistent with _____ attachment.

Question 33

Amber wants her daughter to grow up to be self-reliant and independent.She uses _____ parenting practices to accomplish this goal.

Question 34

According to cognitive theory,the set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences is called a "_____ model."

Question 35

Research on the roles of fathers and mothers in infant care reveals that they cooperate and complement each other in a well-functioning family;however,mothers tend to be the usual _____.

Question 36

According to Erikson,the central crisis of toddlerhood is _____ versus shame and doubt.

Question 37

According to Freud,if a parent is too strict with toilet training,it can result in a child who is fixated in the _____ stage.

Question 38

_____ tend to easily elicit smiles and laughter from their infants.

Question 39

One element of day care that researchers agree is extremely important is the _____ of the day-care setting.

Question 40

_____ tend to engage their infants in more active play than the infant's other parent does.

Question 41

Which characteristic must be present before an infant can experience pride,shame,or guilt?

A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment

Question 42

Which emotion involves social awareness?

A) fear of strangers
B) joy
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 43

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing:

A) sadness.
B) anger.
C) well-being.
D) secure attachment.

Question 44

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving,the baby is exhibiting:

A) general anxiety.
B) separation anxiety.
C) solitary fear.
D) fear of isolation.

Question 45

If separation anxiety remains intense after age 3,impairing a child's ability to leave home,go to school,or play with other children,it is considered a(n):

A) red flag for maltreatment.
B) normative,as anxiety is common up until the age of 7.
C) emotional disorder.
D) indication of severe cognitive impairment.

Question 46

The new emotions that appear around 18 months are:

A) joy,distress,fear,and anger.
B) pride,shame,embarrassment,and guilt.
C) joy,fear,shame,and guilt.
D) pride,shame,joy,and anger.

Question 47

Amanda is several hours old.Which emotion is already apparent?

A) social smile
B) reaction to pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers

Question 48

Four-month-old Claire and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter.How will they react?

A) Claire will be more upset than Dawn.
B) Dawn will probably show more distress than Claire.
C) Both Claire and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.

Question 49

Separation anxiety and stranger wariness are two kinds of _____ in infancy and toddlerhood.

A) sadness
B) anger
C) fear
D) regulatory strategies

Question 50

About _____ percent of babies cry "excessively," defined as more than three hours a day,more than three days a week,for more than three weeks.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 35

Question 51

Which statement about infants' emotional development is TRUE?

A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A 5-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) An 11-month-old baby may show separation anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

Question 52

Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.

Question 53

Annie is a 3-month-old infant.Which behavior has probably just appeared?

A) distress
B) laughter
C) social smile
D) fear

Question 54

Which emotion is the last to develop in an infant?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 55

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called:

A) stranger wariness.
B) extrafamilial fear.
C) fear of the unknown.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 56

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

Question 57

An infant's anger is usually triggered by

A) sadness.
B) fear.
C) frustration.
D) shame.

Question 58

At 6 weeks of age,baby Brenda's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be:

A) fear of strangers.
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise.
C) a social smile.
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy.

Question 59

Baby Chang participated in a research study in which the researcher restrained Chang's arms for two minutes.Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

Question 60

Sam has recently begun to display the emotion of anger.Sam is MOST likely:

A) 3 weeks old.
B) 3 months old.
C) 6 months old.
D) 9 months old.

Question 61

Samantha is playing with her infant daughter Rose.Samantha responds to Rose's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions.All of a sudden,Samantha's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion.How is Rose likely to respond?

A) Rose will probably frown,fuss,drool,or look away from her mother.
B) Rose will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep.
C) Rose will exaggerate her mother's facial expression.
D) Rose will smile and coo even more to try to get her mother to respond.

Question 62

Eight-month-old Katie's parents often fight and scream,which has escalated to physical violence on multiple occasions.What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

A) Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
B) Her prefrontal lobes will be overdeveloped.
C) Her dendrites will likely overdevelop.
D) Her anterior cingulate gyrus will be damaged.

Question 63

The crucial aspect of synchrony is:

A) infants observing adults.
B) infants imitating adults.
C) mutual interaction.
D) unilateral imitation.

Question 64

According to a longitudinal study on temperament that followed participants into adulthood,which infant is MOST likely to change from infancy to age 4?

A) Amanda,who is exuberant and easygoing
B) Michaela,who is inhibited and fearful
C) Nate,who is fussy and unpredictable
D) Paulette,who is sometimes positive and sometimes fearful

Question 65

Experience connects the _____ and the _____,and it helps infants connect their feelings with those of other people.

A) hippocampus;limbic system
B) frontal lobes;brain stem
C) amygdala;prefrontal cortex
D) brain stem;amygdala

Question 66

Which young boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

A) Tim,who is anxious and difficult
B) Jerry,who is easygoing
C) Stan,who is a hard-to-classify child
D) Ko,who is a slow-to-warm-up child

Question 67

In one study,mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions,and then,on cue,to show no emotional reaction at all.This procedure is called the "_____ technique."

A) facial mimicking
B) emotional expression
C) still-face
D) social response

Question 68

Brad is playful but sometimes moody;fussy but generally tolerant;and sometimes quiet and at other times boisterous.His temperament would be categorized as:

A) easy.
B) challenging.
C) difficult.
D) hard-to-classify.

Question 69

James's dad comes home from grocery shopping,sees James sitting on the sofa,and says,"Where's that boy of mine?" James gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face,and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look.This is an example of:

A) psychosocial scaffolding.
B) symbiosis.
C) polarization.
D) synchrony.

Question 70

Synchrony depends on:

A) attention span.
B) stable mood.
C) responsiveness and timing.
D) breast-feeding.

Question 71

Contemporary researchers believe that there are three dimensions of temperament,each of which affects later personality development and school performance:

A) easy,slow-to-warm-up,unclassified.
B) secure,insecure,disorganized.
C) easy,secure,difficult.
D) effortful control,negative mood,exuberance.

Question 72

Which statement about temperament and personality is TRUE?

A) They are different terms for the same concept.
B) Personality is biologically based,while temperament is shaped by the environment.
C) Both temperament and personality are present at birth.
D) Temperament is not the same as personality.

Question 73

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror.On average,at what age did MOST babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months

Question 74

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror,she may then touch her own nose.This indicates that the child has some:

A) dynamic perception.
B) perceptual constancy.
C) social referencing.
D) self-awareness.

Question 75

Research has found that a person's temperament is:

A) highly variable from one country to the next.
B) determined almost entirely by parenting.
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy.
D) created during early social interactions.

Question 76

Lee and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter.They can BEST do this by:

A) imitating her vocal and facial expressions.
B) watching her imitate their mouth movements and smiles.
C) listening to her vocalizations.
D) including her in their conversations.

Question 77

Zach,20 months,recently started using first-person pronouns.His mother is somewhat concerned that Zach constantly asserts his rights to objects,shouting,"Mine!" Even when playing with his brother,Zach doesn't want to share toys,instead insisting that everything is "mine." What does Zach's behavior show about his emotional development?

A) Zach has developed a sense of self-awareness.
B) Zach's anxiety has become a source of anger.
C) Zach is being selfish and his mother needs to discipline him.
D) Zach is trying to establish that he is the "boss" at home.

Question 78

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) easy,difficult,unregulated,hard-to-classify
B) easy,insurgent,slow-to-warm-up,hard-to-classify
C) easy,difficult,slow-to-warm-up,hard-to-classify
D) mellow,tense,shy,indeterminate

Question 79

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called:

A) scaffolding.
B) synchrony.
C) symbiosis.
D) interplay.

Question 80

According to the New York Longitudinal Study,at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months