Deck 15: Late Adulthood: The Social World

Question 1

Older adults attend _____ religious services than the middle-aged,but their faith _____ with age.

Answer 1

fewer;increases

Question 2

The employment rate for older workers has _____ since 2005.

Answer 2

risen;increased

Question 3

Siblings,old friends,and spouses are ideal ____ members.

Answer 3

convoy;social convoy

Question 4

_____ is the idea that a person has the power to control and change a situation.

Question 5

People can choose to cope with changes of late adulthood through selective optimization with _____.

Question 6

An older adult who came from a family with low _____ would have received less education and worse health care than someone who grew up more affluent.

Question 7

_____ theories focus on the ways in which people organize themselves and are organized by society according to their particular characteristics and circumstances.

Question 8

According to _____ theory,older people prioritize regulation of their own emotions and seek familiar social contacts who reinforce generativity,pride,and joy.

Question 9

In general,older couples have learned how to _____ and actually consider their conflicts to be discussions,not fights.

Question 10

As adults age,they are more likely to perceive and remember events in their lives with fondness and goodwill,demonstrating the _____.

Question 11

Only about _____ percent of the elderly in the United States are active in political campaigns.

Question 12

Many U.S.practices leave older immigrants poor,lonely,and dependent on their children,who live in homes and apartments designed for nuclear families.This is an example of _____ stratification.

Question 13

Jane's adult children are worried because on their last visit to her home,they noticed a collection of newspapers and magazines dating back at least a decade,old books,hundreds of pieces of junk mail,and boxes everywhere.Jane is demonstrating characteristics of ______.

Question 14

Many researchers have found that a _____ worldview increases with age.

Question 15

_____ theory states that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow,resulting in relinquishment of roles,withdrawal,and passivity.

Question 16

The view that elderly people want and need to remain actively engaged with relatives,friends,and community groups is the _____ theory.

Question 17

A theory of late adulthood that emphasizes the search to maintain one's integrity and identity is known as a "______ theory."

Question 18

_____ is a central component of self-theories.

Question 19

Consistent with Erik Erikson's theory,_____ is a feeling of being whole and comfortable with oneself.

Question 20

Older adults who want to remain in their homes are expressing a desire to age _____.

Question 21

In _____,the elderly live near each other and pool resources so that all can benefit and stay in their homes.

Question 22

Abigail has accumulated such large piles of old papers and magazines that she can no longer use her table or desk,and she has held on to so much old furniture and clothing that many rooms in her home cannot be entered.In her attempts to hang on to various material items from her life,Abigail developed:

A) a positivity effect.
B) a good strategy for aging in place.
C) universal design.
D) compulsive hoarding.

Question 23

The term _____ describes the oldest-old who are infirm,inactive,seriously disabled,or cognitively impaired.

Question 24

Wanda is 82 and looks back at her life with pride,even though some aspects of her personal history include errors on her part.Wanda is in the stage that Erik Erikson called:

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) optimization versus compensation.
C) activity versus disengagement.
D) integrity versus despair.

Question 25

The view that older people choose familiar social contacts who reinforce their generativity,pride,and joy is referred to as:

A) integrity versus despair.
B) socio-emotional selectivity theory.
C) stratification theory.
D) disengagement theory.

Question 26

Brenda was asked to select a cherished object from her life.She chose a small tarnished picture frame with a photo of her with her mother,taken when she was a girl.Her selection demonstrates her attempt to:

A) portray her object as a valued antique.
B) be young again.
C) hold on to her identity.
D) be more like her mother.

Question 27

Theories that describe the ways in which societies place people on a particular life path are called:

A) self theories.
B) stratification theories.
C) continuity theories.
D) activity theories.

Question 28

Erik Erikson called the final crisis of development:

A) optimization versus compensation.
B) generativity versus stagnation.
C) integrity versus despair.
D) activity versus disengagement.

Question 29

According to Erik Erikson,the dichotomy of integrity versus despair is the focus of:

A) adolescence.
B) early adulthood.
C) middle adulthood.
D) late adulthood.

Question 30

_____ residences provide private apartments for each person and allow pets and furnishings.

Question 31

The caregiver for a frail elderly person in the United States is usually the _____,who is also usually elderly.

Question 32

Gender-stratification theory recognizes that men and women are pushed into certain roles because of their sex,roles that may ultimately:

A) limit women but not men.
B) harm them in late adulthood.
C) keep society intact.
D) make them better spouses.

Question 33

The obligation of adult children to care for their elderly parents is known as "_____."

Question 34

Activities and actions that require some intellectual competence and forethought are referred to as "_____ activities of daily living."

Question 35

Self theories emphasize:

A) social forces.
B) levels of discrimination.
C) perceptions of self.
D) circumscribed opportunities.

Question 36

According to Erik Erikson,each new experience throughout life requires:

A) both assimilation and accommodation.
B) a reassessment of identity.
C) selective optimization.
D) stratification.

Question 37

_____ families consist of many generations but each generation consists of only a few members.

Question 38

In older adults,a positive worldview _____ according to the socio-emotional selectivity theory.

A) correlates with less well-being
B) correlates with believing that life is meaningful
C) is associated with increased family conflict
D) is associated with increased responsiveness to regretful events

Question 39

The elder,the family,and the community can prevent or at least postpone frailty by improving _____.

Question 40

Many elderly hoarders grew up:

A) in the Great Depression.
B) in middle-class families.
C) during the turn of the century.
D) in western states.

Question 41

The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age is referred to as:

A) stratification by age.
B) selective optimization.
C) self-actualization.
D) social stagnation.

Question 42

The tendency for elderly people to perceive,prefer,and remember optimistic images and experiences more than negative ones is referred to as:

A) positivity effect.
B) happiness paradox.
C) race crossover.
D) stratification.

Question 43

Age,gender,ethnicity,and income are the four major categories of _____;as such,they can limit choice at every stage of life.

A) cognitive development
B) socioeconomic status
C) self theories
D) stratification

Question 44

Older immigrants tend to be:

A) happy and financially stable due to retirement savings.
B) well integrated into extended family life,as is the norm in the United States.
C) isolated but provided for by social welfare programs.
D) lonely and poor,without a U.S.work history or the benefit of extended family life to support them.

Question 45

Larry has retired from his career as a city administrator,disengaging from his work life.In a case like this,disengagement in one area of life:

A) means that Larry will certainly disengage from all other areas of life,too.
B) does not necessarily mean that Larry will disengage from other areas of life.
C) proves that disengagement theory is more accurate than activity theory.
D) is the start of Larry's decline.

Question 46

The crucial stratification variable in the well-being of the elderly is _____,which causes a lifetime of stresses including less education,less health care,and accumulating disadvantages of many kinds.

A) the age of retirement
B) low income
C) age
D) family size

Question 47

James believes that he has a limited time left to live.He contemplates the meaning of life frequently and tries to spend as much time as he can with his family.Which theory would BEST predict this behavior?

A) integrity versus despair
B) socio-emotional selectivity theory
C) stratification theory
D) disengagement theory

Question 48

_____ may magnify stratification of gender,ethnicity,and immigration history.

A) Social status
B) Marriage
C) Income
D) Retirement

Question 49

Each stereotype adds to stratification and thus adds to the risk of problems,perhaps putting those who are female,non-White,and poor in:

A) an aging trifecta.
B) triple jeopardy.
C) a bidirectional loop.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 50

A man who is almost 65 years old withdraws from his connections with younger people and his coworkers stop asking him for help.Which theory says this behavior is a natural part of aging?

A) continuity
B) self-actualization
C) selective optimization
D) disengagement

Question 51

The view that elderly people need to remain energetic in a variety of social spheres is called:

A) stratification theory.
B) positivity effect.
C) activity theory.
D) disengagement theory.

Question 52

_____ theories claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life,especially in late adulthood.

A) Dynamic
B) Self
C) Stratification
D) Stage

Question 53

The traditional roles of married couples are less rigid during:

A) early adulthood.
B) emerging adulthood.
C) middle adulthood.
D) late adulthood.

Question 54

Martha,who is African American,is 102 years old.The oldest European American woman currently is 98 years old.This reflects:

A) race crossover.
B) happiness paradox.
C) positivity effect.
D) stratification.

Question 55

Disengagement is more likely among:

A) the sandwich generation.
B) professional women.
C) those low in SES.
D) affluent elders.

Question 56

Which theory is a specific version of selective optimization with compensation?

A) integrity versus despair
B) socio-emotional selectivity theory
C) stratification theory
D) disengagement theory

Question 57

The most controversial version of social stratification theory is _____ theory,in part because it can be used to justify ageism and social isolation.

A) compensation
B) disengagement
C) optimization
D) activity

Question 58

_____ occurs when the oldest-old African Americans live longer than the oldest-old European Americans.

A) Race crossover
B) Happiness paradox
C) Positivity effect
D) Stratification

Question 59

The theory that is contrary to disengagement theory is _____ theory.

A) epigenetic
B) identity
C) activity
D) feminist

Question 60

Longevity itself may result from lifelong _____,in this case harming men.

A) income discrepancies
B) gender stratification
C) prejudice
D) social disengagement

Question 61

When many adults who moved into a neighborhood decades earlier never leave the area,the result is:

A) assisted living.
B) an empty nest.
C) a universal design.
D) a naturally occurring retirement community.

Question 62

All these workers are quite likely to remain in the paid labor force after age 60 EXCEPT a(n):

A) English professor.
B) unionized mechanic at a local factory.
C) independently employed cleaning woman.
D) judge in a state court.

Question 63

The idea that a person has the power to control and change a situation is called:

A) positivity effect.
B) self-efficacy.
C) happiness paradox.
D) stratification.

Question 64

Longitudinal as well as cross-sectional research finds a strong link between _____ and volunteering.

A) age
B) health
C) political affiliation
D) vocational identity

Question 65

Religious involvement correlates with _____ because it promotes social relationships and healthy habits.

A) higher levels of stress
B) better health
C) more wealth
D) earlier death

Question 66

Wayne is in late adulthood and has fond memories of his childhood and early adulthood but seems to have forgotten negative experiences.This can BEST be explained by:

A) positivity effect.
B) happiness paradox.
C) race crossover.
D) stratification.

Question 67

Barbara and Dennis have lived in the same house for over 40 years.They reared their children there and were actively involved in the neighborhood.As they age,their children want them to move to a nearby small apartment.Like many other older adults,Barbara and Dennis:

A) look forward to moving to a new home.
B) prefer to age in place.
C) are divided on the decision,as women in general prefer to move during retirement.
D) would actually prefer to head to a warmer climate than stay local.

Question 68

What percentage of older adults volunteer in political campaigns?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5

Question 69

Immigrant elders are generally happier with their lives than nonimmigrants.This is referred to as the:

A) race crossover.
B) happiness paradox.
C) positivity effect.
D) stratification.

Question 70

The fact that Maine,Pennsylvania,and West Virginia follow Florida as the states with the highest proportion of residents over age 65 illustrates that:

A) most elderly people want to retire to warmer environments.
B) only a few states have an adequate number of planned retirement communities.
C) most people prefer to age where they have always lived.
D) the old tend to congregate in a few parts of the country.

Question 71

Typically,who does more housework after retirement than before?

A) children
B) hired housecleaners
C) hired caregivers
D) both men and women

Question 72

About ____ percent of older people prefer to age in place.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 70
D) 90

Question 73

Older adults who work part-time or become self-employed tend to be _____ than those who work full time or quit completely.

A) happier
B) more depressed
C) more stressed
D) sicker

Question 74

Generally,where do the elderly prefer to live?

A) in a planned retirement community
B) with their children or other relatives
C) in their own homes
D) in nursing homes

Question 75

Frank had strong social connections and community ties throughout his adult life and mentored many individuals while in his career as a business manager.He was also an active volunteer in his community.Now that he is retired,Frank will MOST likely:

A) become socially isolated as he disengages from his work.
B) become an active volunteer or find other ways to remain socially engaged.
C) return to work because his professional life was his sole source of identity.
D) experience rapidly declining health and well-being as he becomes more and more isolated.

Question 76

Which state has the highest proportion of people over the age of 65?

A) Florida
B) California
C) Arizona
D) Maine

Question 77

Religious faith is associated with improved psychological health in old age due to:

A) the belief that one's particular faith or ethnicity is superior to that of others.
B) beliefs that give meaning to life and death.
C) a focus on pleasure and immediate needs.
D) the regular attendance of religious services.

Question 78

Which statement about older people and religion is TRUE?

A) Faith communities promote caring relationships.
B) Belief in the afterlife may explain the high numbers of suicides among African American women.
C) Faith decreases with age and experience.
D) Religious identity is never as significant as ethnic identity in the lives of older adults.

Question 79

Which variable does not correlate with a strong sense of self-efficacy?

A) depression
B) health
C) happiness
D) longevity

Question 80

Which state is NOT a favorite among the elderly?

A) Florida
B) Maine
C) Utah
D) West Virginia