Deck 1: The Beginning: The Science of Human Development

Question 1

_____ is the study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression.

Answer 1

Epigenetics

Question 2

James told his friend that he is tall because he inherited "tall" genes from his dad.James was claiming that _____,but not _____,was responsible for his height.

Answer 2

nature;nurture

Question 3

A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs more easily-but not exclusively-at that time.

Answer 3

sensitive

Question 4

A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular type of development must occur if it is to occur at all.

Question 5

To prevent unexamined opinions and personal biases from influencing research findings,it is important to employ the _____ method.

Question 6

A heart study conducted in _____,which began in 1948,has resulted in reduced rates of cigarette smoking,increased rates of exercise,and worldwide prevention against premature deaths.

Question 7

A hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be _____ by various research methods.

Question 8

Language learning illustrates the concept of a "_____ period of development."

Question 9

A(n)_____ is a group of people born at about the same time who experience the same historical events and cultural shifts.

Question 10

Although they are sisters,Terri and Jerri respond very differently to stressful events.Terri becomes emotionally and physically upset and has a difficult time focusing on what is positive in her life.Jerri,on the other hand,deals with stressful events directly and tends to remain optimistic.These differences illustrate the concept of "_____."

Question 11

According to the ecological-systems approach,_____,such as cultural values,economic policies,and political processes,are part of the larger social setting.

Question 12

The combination of all environmental influences that affect an individual after conception is called "_____."

Question 13

Today's generation of children and young adults is heavily influenced by social media.That is,their historical context is very different from that of their grandparents.This illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of the "_____."

Question 14

Empirical evidence refers to "_____."

Question 15

Thalidomide only caused birth defects if a pregnant woman ingested the drug during the _____ period of prenatal development.

Question 16

_____ refers to the traits,capacities,and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception.

Question 17

The _____ takes into account all phases of life,from conception through death.

Question 18

In scientific research,collecting additional evidence by studying different participants than used in the original study is known as "_____."

Question 19

The science of human development seeks to understand _____ people-all kinds of people,everywhere,of every age-change over time.

Question 20

Although Janet's friends do well in school,she is a low-achieving student.Janet and her friends decide to meet once a week to study;soon,Janet's grades start to improve.Within the ecological-systems perspective,the influence of Janet's friends on her school performance illustrates the "_____."

Question 21

_____ is the psychoanalytic theorist who described eight developmental stages,each characterized by a particular challenge or developmental crisis.

Question 22

_____ refers to a group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance,typically skin color.

Question 23

Erikson's stages emphasized _____,not sexual urges.

Question 24

A person's income and level of education is part of his or her _____.

Question 25

The human tendency to assume that people unlike us are inferior is called the "_____ error."

Question 26

The system of shared beliefs,norms,behaviors,and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions is known as "_____."

Question 27

According to Freud's theory,adolescence occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

Question 28

A _____ is a comprehensive and organized explanation of many phenomena.

Question 29

Two people from different cultures may value the need for achievement or success differently because of the _____ of each culture.

Question 30

People of a specific _____ group share certain attributes,such as religion and language.

Question 31

The genes and expressions of each person prime him or her to respond in a particular way,and responses are plastic.This illustrates the concept of "_____."

Question 32

Yusef learned that emotions affect performance.From this,he developed the idea that students who are sad when they take a test will perform poorly,whereas those who are happy will perform better.In this example,Yusef made a specific prediction that can be tested.This is known as a(n)"_____."

Question 33

Ethnicity is the product of _____,not biology.

Question 34

According to Freud,the _____ stage is the first stage of psychosexual development.

Question 35

The _____ approach refers to the idea that human development is ongoing and ever-changing.

Question 36

In David's story,although he was exposed to rubella during prenatal development,the higher socioeconomic status of his family made it possible for him to receive the medical and educational care that he needed to thrive.David also had two older brothers who watched out for him.The story of David illustrates the _____ characteristic of development.

Question 37

Racial _____,but not experiences with discrimination,predicts more positive attitudes about other racial groups.

Question 38

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is inner drives and motives,and _____ needs.

Question 39

Erikson's first _____ stages are closely related to Freud's stages.

Question 40

A _____ theory is a systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time.

Question 41

_____ observation requires researchers to record behaviors systematically and objectively.

Question 42

_____ was the most influential North American proponent of behaviorism.

Question 43

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include the sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and _____ operational stages.

Question 44

Mrs.Sven is working with her toddler daughter,Arianna,on potty training.Each time Arianna uses the toilet,Mrs.Sven lets her pick a small prize out of a treasure chest.Mrs.Sven's strategy is consistent with the _____ perspective.

Question 45

Dr.Hong believes that human impulses need to be reorganized before they can be guided.Dr.Hong's beliefs are consistent with _____ theories.

Question 46

According to Piaget,humans seek cognitive _____,or a state of mental balance.

Question 47

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,_____ is when new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas.

Question 48

Keta believes that breast-feeding is a personal choice.That is,the woman should be able to choose whether she breast-feeds her infant.Keta's belief is consistent with the _____ perspective.

Question 49

Steve watches his father mow the lawn.After a few minutes,Steve takes a toy lawnmower and begins following his father,row by row.Steve is _____ his father's behavior.

Question 50

In _____ conditioning,a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted.

Question 51

The basic idea of _____ theory in development is that in order to understand the emotions,impulses,and habits of humans over the life span,it is important to understand how those same emotions,impulses,and habits developed within Homo sapiens over the past 100,000 years.

Question 52

According to Bandura,_____ occurs when people copy what they see others do.

Question 53

_____ theories bring an understanding of intellectual processes.

Question 54

_____ was the behavioral theorist who first described the process of conditioning.

Question 55

The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus is called "_____."

Question 56

Two-year-old D'Angelo picks up his trains and puts them in the toy box.His father smiles and claps,exclaiming,"Good boy! You cleaned up your toys!" The next time D'Angelo plays with his trains,he eagerly cleans up,and his father responds the same way.In this example,praise is operating as a _____ for D'Angelo.

Question 57

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,_____ is when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences.

Question 58

After visiting the doctor's office several times and receiving a shot each time,Abigail now tenses and cries when her mother pulls into the doctor's parking lot.Abigail's response is an example of _____ conditioning.

Question 59

_____ theory states that every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people.

Question 60

Behaviorism is also called "_____ theory."

Question 61

The fourth step in the scientific method involves:

A) posing a question.
B) conducting research.
C) developing a hypothesis.
D) supporting or refuting a hypothesis.

Question 62

Empirical evidence is based on:

A) theories and speculation.
B) observation,experience,or experiment.
C) inferences based on personal biases.
D) opinions generated by focus groups.

Question 63

Dr.Branson is interested in whether adults value different romantic qualities in their partners as they age.She recruits 250 young adults and administers a survey on desired qualities in potential mates.Dr.Branson plans to readminister the survey every three years until participants reach the age of 70.Dr.Branson is implementing the _____ research design.

Question 64

The third step in the scientific method involves:

A) posing a question.
B) conducting research.
C) sharing the results.
D) developing a hypothesis.

Question 65

The science of human development seeks to understand:

A) the meaning of life.
B) the accuracy of new theories.
C) the works of Freud,Piaget,and Erikson.
D) how and why people change over time.

Question 66

In _____ research,groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age.

Question 67

Dr.Schmidt predicts that a certain drug will reduce hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.Her prediction is called:

A) a conclusion.
B) empirical evidence.
C) a hypothesis.
D) an observation.

Question 68

As children age,they tend to sleep fewer hours.This relationship is an example of a(n)_____ correlation.

Question 69

Professor Rajiv is interested in how parents from different ethnic groups view corporal punishment.Professor Rajiv and her team interview hundreds of parents throughout the country,asking open-ended questions to gain further insight into parental beliefs.This is an example of _____ research.

Question 70

In an experiment,the researcher manipulates the _____ variable.

Question 71

A _____ is a quick way to collect data from a large number of people.

Question 72

Researchers who want to establish a causal relationship between two variables must use a research design called a(n)"_____."

Question 73

Professor Thomas designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether a particular drug would help patients with bipolar disorder.By designing and conducting this experiment,he was able to:

A) establish a positive correlation.
B) demonstrate proof.
C) test the hypothesis.
D) confirm the results.

Question 74

Cross-sequential,or cohort-sequential,research combines the cross-sectional design with the _____ design.

Question 75

The second step in the scientific method involves:

A) posing a question.
B) conducting research.
C) developing a hypothesis.
D) sharing the results.

Question 76

Dr.Inez is curious to know more about how children's peer relationships develop over time.To gain an understanding of this subject that is not based on opinion or personal bias,Dr.Inez should:

A) use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts.
B) have the children undergo psychoanalysis.
C) interview parents and teachers.
D) read Dr.Spock's book Baby and Child Care.

Question 77

The first step in the scientific method involves:

A) posing a question.
B) conducting research.
C) analyzing evidence.
D) developing a hypothesis.

Question 78

Dr.Jones wonders whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E.Dr.Jones has just demonstrated the _____ step in the scientific method.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 79

Each academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has a _____,or a set of moral principles.

Question 80

To determine how children throughout the world compare in certain academic subjects,such as math and science,researchers rely on achievement test scores.This is an example of _____ research.