Deck 13: Children

Question 1

Bem's recommendations for counteracting the dominant gender ideology of our society include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Parents should emphasize the biological distinctions between mails and females.
B)Parents should create new materials such as stories,games and toys that do not teach gender stereotypes.
C)Parents should show children how to actively resist gender socialization and gender inequality.
D)Parents should use reward and punishment to teach the gender roles they want their children to develop.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Aulette identifies three categories of racial socialization strategies practiced by African American parents.These categories include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the mainstream experience.
B)the minority experience.
C)the black cultural experience.
D)the civil rights experience.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Aulette takes the position that if we wish to eliminate gender inequality,we must

A)pass civil rights and equal opportunity laws and do a better job of enforcing such laws.
B)introduce children to the idea that gender could be a much less important factor than it is in our culture.
C)reduce the constant display of narrowly defined gender stereotypes in our media including TV,movies,and children's stories
D)segregate boys and girls in our schools and custom design curriculum to build on the different strengths of each gender.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Vietnamese immigrant children in the United States are often caught between two cultures.One major challenge is balancing the _________ of American culture and the _________ of the Vietnamese culture.

A)secularism ...spirituality
B)materialism ...frugality
C)individualism ...collectivism
D)complexity ...simplicity

Question 5

Gender schema theorists assert that children learn gender

A)through interacting with their mothers.
B)through genetic programming.
C)by determining the cultural importance of gender.
D)by passively internalizing media socialization.

Question 6

All of the following are true EXCEPT:

A)More American homes have television than have indoor toilets and telephones.
B)Two-thirds of all 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their room.
C)White children watch more TV than Hispanic or Black children.
D)Boys and girls spend about the same amount of time watching TV.

Question 7

Holmes (cited by Aulette)interviewed kindergartners.She concluded that 5 year olds

A)have clear,definitive ideas about race and may be racist.
B)have unclear ideas about race and racism.
C)do not like people who are different from them in any of a variety of ways including race,religion,gender,size,etc.
D)prefer people who are different from them because they enjoy diversity.

Question 8

Which of the following categories affects the amount of television watched by American children?

A)Gender
B)Social class
C)Race / ethnicity
D)Father's occupation

Question 9

Freudian psychoanalytic theory argues that children learn to be gendered individuals

A)by interacting with their mothers.
B)by interacting with the same-sex parents.
C)through genetic programming.
D)through media socialization.

Question 10

Aulette cites Bem's recommendations for parents to counteract the dominant gender ideology of our society.She suggests that parents

A)emphasize the biological distinctions and distinguish them from socially determined differences.
B)de-emphasize the biological distinctions and teach cultural relativity.
C)ignore biological distinctions and treat boys and girls exactly the same.
D)contradict the biological and social distinctions by treating boys and girls the opposite of the traditional ways.

Question 11

Among Vietnamese immigrant families,

A)obligation to family is a quality especially valued in sons.
B)obligation to family is a quality especially valued in daughters.
C)children tend to want to preserve the Vietnamese culture more than their parents who immigrated because of bad experiences in Vietnam.
D)parents encourage their children to be independent in order to facilitate success in the American economy.

Question 12

Cognitive-developmental theorists argue that children learn gender

A)by interacting with their mothers.
B)through media socialization.
C)through stages of psychological maturity.
D)as passive recipients of cultural norms.

Question 13

Social learning theorists argue that children learn gender through

A)interacting with mothers.
B)fairy tales and children's stories.
C)reward and punishment.
D)stages of maturity.

Question 14

Four theories dominate the social-psychological view of gender socialization.These theories include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)psychoanalytic theory.
B)social learning theory.
C)structure functional theory.
D)gender schema theory.

Question 15

Social interactionist theory focuses on the

A)the cultural patterns of interaction between men and women.
B)the active,ongoing roles children and others play in creating gender.
C)the power relationships manifested through the division of labor.
D)the interaction between individuals,their families and their societies.

Question 16

Aulette cited Barrie Thorne who identified three contemporary images of children in society.These images include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)children as spiritual innocents.
B)children as learners of adult society.
C)children as victims of adults.
D)children as threats to adult society.

Question 17

Which statement best describes a social interactionist approach to gender socialization?

A)Gender is innate and determined by biology.Males and females need to fit into these social roles to be satisfied with their lives.
B)Doing gender is an active,ongoing,ever-present process in reciprocal relationships with others.
C)Children learn gender through reward and punishment.
D)When children identify themselves as boys or girls,they organize their lives around what they perceive to be appropriately masculine or feminine.

Question 18

Freud argued that females are in a subordinate position in our society because of

A)private property.
B)genital structures.
C)social institutions.
D)genetic programming.

Question 19

Research cited in Aulette indicates that the majority of television advertisements for toys for boys include

A)aggression or violence with positive consequences.
B)aggression or violence with negative consequences.
C)a negative attitude towards being smart or liking school.
D)a positive attitude towards being smart or liking school.

Question 20

Some African American parents use an initiation rite called The Passage to socialize boys into the black community.It includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)providing service to the community.
B)adopting a senior citizen.
C)presenting a speech at the Passage Celebration.
D)earning money to contribute to a charity or church.

Question 21

Individualized pedophobia is demonstrated when

A)parents physically and sexually abuse their children.
B)parents are overprotective because they have unrealistic fears for their children's safety.
C)parents are overprotective because they have realistic fears for their children's safety.
D)public policies keep large numbers of children in poverty.

Question 22

In 2006,Child Protective Services investigated 3.6 million reports of child abuse or neglect.How many children were found to be victims?

A)One million
B)Two million
C)Three million
D)Four million

Question 23

Institutionalized pedophobia is demonstrated when

A)parents physically abuse children.
B)adults sexually abuse children.
C)public policy keeps children impoverished,malnourished or unhealthy.
D)parents are overprotective because of realistic or unrealistic fears for their children's safety.

Question 24

Compared to young adult women,young adult men are _______ likely to believe it is their right to receive financial assistance from their parents.

A)more
B)less
C)equally

Question 25

When interviewed on the positive aspects of having children,parents identified all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Having children allowed them to be more childlike and engage in fun activities.
B)Having children required commitment and decision making that made them feel good about themselves.
C)Having children made them happier and more satisfied with their marriage.
D)Having children heightened emotional responses to their surroundings.

Question 26

Purrington (cited by Aulette)interviewed parents about the positive effects of children on their lives.She identified all of the following as positive effects EXCEPT:

A)being able to play like a child again.
B)remembering their own childhoods.
C)the experience of intense emotions.
D)having "bragging rights" about one's child.

Question 27

Research has indicated which of the following?

A)Satisfaction with marriage decreases with the birth of the first child and does not return to prechildren levels until all the children have left home.
B)Satisfaction with marriage increases with the birth of the first child,stays stable throughout childrearing and drops when the children have left home.
C)Satisfaction with marriage decreases with the birth of the first child and never returns to prechildren levels.
D)Satisfaction with marriage decreases with the birth of the first child,but regains prechildren levels once all of the children are in school.

Question 28

Over three million cases of child abuse and neglect are investigated in the United States annually.The majority of reports are for

A)neglect.
B)physical abuse.
C)sexual abuse.
D)medical neglect.

Question 29

The cost of raising one child from birth to age 18 ranges from $148,320 to $298,860 depending on the income level of the family.The biggest expense is for

A)food.
B)housing.
C)child care and education.
D)clothing.

Question 30

Compared to nonparents,parents are

A)happier and more satisfied.
B)less depressed.
C)more worried and anxious.
D)better off on various indicators of psychological well-being.

Question 31

Research on TV images indicates that female characters are _______ than male characters.

A)less diverse in appearance
B)more authoritative
C)more mature
D)less intelligent

Question 32

Research has shown that parents with children at home are ________ than nonparents on a number of indicators of psychological well-being.

A)better off
B)worse off
C)no different

Question 33

Over three million cases of child abuse and neglect are investigated in the United States annually.The United States Department of Health and Human Services asserts that

A)these numbers are most probably an accurate reflection of actual number of incidents (within 5 percentage points).
B)these numbers are overestimates of real cases because so many people report abuse when parents are acting within legal levels of discipline such as spanking.
C)these numbers are serious underestimates with the actual numbers perhaps triple the number of reports.
D)we really have no idea because legal definitions vary so much from state to state.

Question 34

Research on television documents all of the following EXCEPT:

A)in prime time,women are outnumbered by men with little change from the 1950's.
B)female characters are younger,less mature and less authoritative than males.
C)female characters are more diverse in appearance than males.
D)female characters are more likely than males to be emotionally expressive and seven times more likely to use sex or romantic charm to get what they want.

Question 35

Women do more housework than men both in real life and on television shows.How does TV depiction compare to real life regarding gender division of housework?

A)TV depiction is an accurate portrayal of real life.
B)In real life women do two times as much housework than men.On television women do five times more housework than men.
C)In real life women do five times as much housework than men.On television women do two times more housework than men.
D)TV depiction is a severely skewed portrayal of real life.

Question 36

Satisfaction with marriage ___________ with the birth of the first child.

A)decreases
B)increases
C)does not change

Question 37

Which age group experiences the highest rate of abuse?

A)Children from birth to age 3.
B)Children ages 3 and 4.
C)Children ages 5 through 7.
D)Children ages 8 through 10.

Question 38

Research cited in Aulette indicates that the majority of television advertisements for toys for girls focus on

A)mental activity or intelligence.
B)physical attractiveness.
C)having a sense of humor.
D)physical activity.

Question 39

_______ leave their parents' home earlier than ______ and are _______ likely to return.

A)Men ...women ...less
B)Men ...women ...more
C)Women ...men ...less
D)Women ...men ...more

Question 40

What is the relationship between the number of children and marital satisfaction?

A)A positive relationship - the more children,the higher the level of marital satisfaction.
B)A negative relationship - the more children,the lower the level of marital satisfaction.
C)A curvilinear relationship - as the number of children increase,marital satisfaction decreases at first but then increases.

Question 41

All of the following statements about the acceptance of spanking are true EXCEPT:

A)a majority of people approve of spanking.
B)younger men are more like to approve of spanking than older men.
C)men are more likely to approve of spanking than women.
D)acceptance of corporal punishment may be declining.

Question 42

Incest occurs most frequently in families characterized by

A)the mother's frequent or entire absence.
B)poverty and unusually low levels of education.
C)extremely dominant fathers or stepfathers.
D)mental illness or chemical dependency.

Question 43

Childhood

A)is an unchanging fact in all societies.
B)is biologically based -- children are treated differently from adults because of their physical differences.
C)among Puritans was a brief period before age 6 after which children were dressed and treated like miniature adults.
D)has begun to disappear in modern society compared to the Colonial period.

Question 44

Homicide is the fifth highest cause of death among children.Of the 1,400 children that died of abuse or neglect in 2000,

A)86% of the victims were under the age of four.
B)an estimated 20% of deaths of children resulting from abuse or neglect may not be reported as murder.
C)the majority of child homicides were committed by strangers,not parents.
D)mothers were the perpetrators twice as often as fathers.

Question 45

PFLAG is a nonprofit organization that advocates

A)for safety in children's sports.
B)for safety of lesbian and gay youth.
C)against violence in the media,especially children's television.
D)against inter-racial and inter-religious dating.

Question 46

From a sociological perspective,childhood

A)is the same in all societies since children are the same.
B)is socially constructed and varies from one society to another.
C)has stayed the same in American society for three centuries.
D)has meant preferential treatment and special protections in most societies throughout history.

Question 47

Which family structure has the largest proportion of children in poverty?

A)Two-parent households.
B)Single mothers.
C)Single fathers.
D)Families in which children are not living with their parents.

Question 48

Social science research has documented that

A)spanking is more effective than noncorporal punishment.
B)long-term side effects of spanking include increased risk of delinquency and criminal behavior.
C)all Western countries allow spanking.
D)fewer than 10% of parents continue hitting children after the age of 12.

Question 49

When we compare reports by adults of their own childhood experiences with those of parents reporting on their own behavior with their children,

A)current parents report greater use of physical violence.
B)adults reporting their childhood experiences report seven times more physical abuse than current parents.
C)researchers document a trend toward more frequent use of minor violence.
D)researchers document a trend towards more severe violence.

Question 50

How does the United States compare to the other 17 industrialized countries discussed in Aulette in terms of the percentage of children who are poor?

A)The U.S.has the second smallest percentage of children in poverty.
B)The U.S.has the second largest percentage of children in poverty.
C)The U.S.has the largest percentage of children in poverty.
D)The U.S.has the smallest percentage of children in poverty.

Question 51

In early America (before 1875)

A)there were no limits to parents' rights to punish their children.
B)parents were not allowed to kill their children but that was the only limit to parents' rights to punish their children.
C)parents could punish children with whips or sticks but were charged with child abuse if they caused broken bones,lacerations or other serious or permanent injury.
D)parents were charged with child abuse if they used any form of weapon or caused welts,bruises or more serious injury,

Question 52

The Children's Defense Fund is a nonprofit organization that

A)advocates for social policy that will reduce the number of children in poverty.
B)defends children who have killed their abusive parents.
C)helps American parents adopt children from countries are experiencing war,famine or high childhood mortality rates due to poverty.
D)collects money from Americans who "adopt" poor children in poor countries and uses the money for food,education,and health care for the children who stay in their own countries with their own parents or in orphanages.

Question 53

Research by Straus (cited in Aulette)indicates that parents who do the least spanking

A)are more likely to verbally abuse their children.
B)use the least verbal aggression.
C)tend to emotionally neglect children.
D)also decline to use nonviolent discipline.

Question 54

Aulette reported all of the following as being true about siblings EXCEPT:

A)Only about 5% of the population have never had a sibling.
B)The median number of siblings has declined significantly in the past century.
C)People tend to seek physical help from brothers and emotional support from sisters.
D)Older people in their fifties and sixties have more contact with their siblings than younger people in their twenties and thirties.

Question 55

The largest category of incest perpetrators are

A)fathers.
B)stepfathers.
C)uncles.
D)brothers.

Question 56

Mothers are __________ likely to abuse young children when compared to fathers.Mothers are __________ likely to abuse adolescents when compared to fathers.

A)more ...more
B)less ...less
C)as ...as
D)as ...less