Deck 14: Biotechnology and Genomics

Question 1

PCR is a relatively new advance in DNA technology that targets specific sequences in the DNA for removal or replacement.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

All of the following are true regarding transgenic animals EXCEPT

A)foreign genes are micro-injected into eggs,fertilized in vitro,and the zygotes are placed in host females to develop.
B)the process has created mice that have a phenotype similar to that of a person with cystic fibrosis.
C)the process has been used to develop organisms that are partially animal and partially plant.
D)the product desired by the transgenic procedure may be secreted in the milk of female offspring.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The function of DNA ligase in recombinant technology is to

A)cut DNA into many fragments.
B)carry DNA into a new cell.
C)seal DNA into an opening created by restriction enzymes.
D)make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.
E)separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The function of the polymerase chain reaction in genetic engineering is to

A)cut DNA into many fragments.
B)carry DNA into a new cell.
C)link together newly joined fragments of DNA.
D)make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA.
E)separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges.

Question 5

To carry out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR),you must have DNA polymerase and

A)a blueprint or gene map of the sequence you wish to copy.
B)the nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands.
C)a DNA synthesizer machine.
D)a DNA probe.

Question 6

A transgenic organism

A)contains a foreign gene within its genome.
B)is produced by cloning a mutant cell.
C)acts as the vector for DNA being moved into another organism.
D)is produced by the polymerase chain reaction.
E)is any genetically modified organism resulting from laboratory research.

Question 7

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)bioinformatics-the study of genomic and proteomic information using computer analysis
B)polymerase chain reaction-process that separates DNA fragments according to size
C)genomics-the study of the genomes of humans and other organisms
D)proteomics-the study of species' proteins

Question 8

What is the function of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?

A)cut DNA into many fragments
B)carry DNA into a new cell
C)link together newly joined fragments of DNA
D)make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA
E)separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges

Question 9

A common method used to introduce rDNA into bacterial host cells is

A)viral infection.
B)bacteriophage infection.
C)plasmid transfer.
D)microinjection of DNA.
E)laser irradiation of cells in a fluid containing DNA.

Question 10

All of the following statements are true about restriction enzymes EXCEPT

A)they are made by bacteria and viruses.
B)hundreds of different ones have been isolated and purified.
C)they produce single-stranded complementary ends that can join to two different DNA strands by complementary base-pairing.
D)each enzyme cuts DNA at a different specific base sequence.

Question 11

Plants have been genetically engineered for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)to have a higher vitamin A content.
B)to make the plant more resistant to pests.
C)to produce human proteins.
D)to reduce food spoilage.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Transgenic plant products include all of the following EXCEPT

A)soybeans that are resistant to a common herbicide.
B)an antibody produced by soybeans to treat genital herpes.
C)suicide genes that cause the plants to self-destruct after their product has been produced.
D)antibodies produced by corn plants that deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells.

Question 13

When bone marrow stem cells are removed from the patient,infected with a virus that carries a normal gene,and returned to the patient,this is an example of

A)PCR.
B)chemotherapy.
C)viral disinfection.
D)in vivo gene therapy.
E)ex vivo gene therapy.

Question 14

The term "ligase" adds the suffix "-ase" to the Latin root word for

A)gene.
B)work.
C)cut.
D)bind.
E)copy-producing.

Question 15

Place the following steps for cloning DNA in the correct order: 1 - use vector to deliver new rDNA to bacterial or other cells
2 - use restriction enzymes to cut a plasmid and add the desired gene
3 - isolate and cut out a desired gene using restriction enzymes
4 - use DNA ligase to seal the new gene
5 - allow bacterial cells to replicate and produce desired product

A)1,2,3,4,5
B)5,3,2,4,1
C)2,5,3,1,4
D)3,2,4,1,5

Question 16

The function of a vector in genetic engineering is to

A)cut DNA into many fragments.
B)introduce rDNA into a host cell.
C)link together newly joined fragments of DNA.
D)make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.
E)separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges.

Question 17

What is the function of naturally occurring restriction enzymes in bacterial cells?

A)They separate the DNA strands during DNA replication.
B)They cut the bacterial cell's DNA.
C)They cut any viral DNA that enters the cell.
D)They reattach pieces of DNA into a continuous molecule after DNA replication.

Question 18

Transgenic ________ have been given suicide genes that cause them to self-destruct when the job for which they are engineered has been accomplished.

A)animals
B)bacteria
C)plants
D)fungi
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following molecules forms lengths of DNA with "sticky ends"?

A)DNA ligase
B)DNA polymerase
C)RNA polymerase
D)reverse transcriptase
E)restriction enzyme

Question 20

A.What type of enzyme is used to cleave DNA?
B.What type of "ends" are produced?
C.How do the "ends" function in cloning DNA?

Question 21

In what field of study would scientists predict a protein's three-dimensional shape and how DNA mutations would affect protein function?

A)bioinformatics
B)proteomics
C)genomics
D)All of the answer choices.

Question 22

Gene pharming is the use of

A)transgenic plants to produce larger vegetables and sweeter fruits.
B)bacteria for bioremediation.
C)STR profiling to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms.
D)transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals.

Question 23

Proteomics involves the application of computer technologies to study databases of genetic information.

Question 24

Human gene therapy

A)includes the insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a genetic disease.
B)has been used for treatment of children who have severe combined immunodeficiency.
C)has been used in a trial to treat familial hypercholesterolemia.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 25

RNA interference (RNAi)was first discovered in prokaryotes and is thought to have evolved as protection against certain types of viruses.

Question 26

When using bacteria to clone a human gene and express its product,as in the case of insulin,the gene cannot contain introns because bacteria do not have the enzymes to process mRNA.How do scientists overcome this challenge?

Question 27

It is estimated that humans have approximately ________ base pairs in our genome.

A)3 billion
B)2)5 million
C)180 million
D)12 trillion

Question 28

Differentiate between structural,functional,and comparative genomics.

Question 29

The introduction of normal genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic use is called

A)human cloning.
B)proteomics.
C)gene therapy.
D)genetic profiling.

Question 30

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A)is characterized by high blood levels of cholesterol.
B)is a condition that develops when liver cells lack a receptor protein for removing cholesterol from the blood.
C)may be treated by ex vivo gene therapy.
D)All of the answer choices are true.
E)Only two of the answer choices are true.

Question 31

What is the first step in producing a transgenic animal?

A)implantation of a donor egg into the host mother
B)inject the desired gene(s)into a donor egg
C)transgenic organism produces offspring that have the desired gene which can then produce more transgenic offspring
D)transgenic eggs are harvested from the surrogate mother

Question 32

Gene therapy in humans has been used to treat

A)cystic fibrosis.
B)cancer.
C)inborn errors of metabolism.
D)All of the answer choices.
E)Only two of the answer choices.

Question 33

What is the difference between ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy?

Question 34

All of the following statements about genes and copy number variations are true EXCEPT

A)an individual's genome often contains multiple copies of a gene.
B)individuals may differ as to the number of copies of a particular gene.
C)copy number variations have been associated with specific diseases.
D)All of the answer choices are true.

Question 35

The polymerase chain reaction uses RNA polymerase.

Question 36

Describe the newest method of DNA fingerprinting,which uses PCR and short tandem repeat sequences (STRs).

Question 37

State the difference between a transgenic animal and a cloned animal.

Question 38

Animal cloning is a difficult process with a low success rate.

Question 39

How is RNA interference (RNAi)used as a form of gene therapy?

A)Stem cells are removed from a patient,injected with large pieces of RNAi that carry the gene recipe for a particular enzyme,and returned to the body of the patient.
B)Large pieces of RNAi are directly injected into the damaged cells of a patient in order to deliver functional gene recipes.
C)Small pieces of RNAi are used to map the location of specific genes that need to be edited out of the genome.
D)Small pieces of RNAi are used to silence the expression of specific alleles.

Question 40

Biotechnology products produced by bacteria include all of the following EXCEPT

A)antibodies to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells.
B)clotting factor VIII.
C)human growth hormone.
D)insulin.

Question 41

Small,variable regions of DNA that may change an individual's susceptibility to disease are called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms).

Question 42

Gene cloning can be accomplished by recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reactions.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about CRISPR are accurate? Select all that apply.

A)CRISPR was first discovered in single-celled eukaryotes.
B)Where naturally found in cells,CRISPR acts as a form of immune defense against viruses.
C)CRISPR utilizes an endonuclease enzyme called Cas9.
D)CRISPR can only be used by researchers to target a specific sequence of nucleotides in single-celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
E)CRISPR requires a guide RNA molecule to identify the nucleotide sequence destined for editing.

Question 44

What consequences could arise if the field of bioinformatics ceased to exist as a field of study?

A)Progress in determining the function of DNA sequences,making comparisons between our genome and other model organisms,and understanding how genes and proteins interact with cells would stop.
B)Many cures for genetic disorders would not be discovered.
C)The creation of new transgenic plants,animals,and bacteria that benefit society would not occur.
D)All of these are consequences if the field of bioinformatics ceased to exist as a field of study.

Question 45

Explain the applications for polymerase chain reaction technology.

Question 46

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)is a disorder characterized by early-onset retinal dystrophy which causes severe visual impairment beginning in infancy.The most common cause of the disorder is a mutated intron located in gene CEP290.Targeted deletion of the mutated intron shows promise as a treatment for LCA.The treatment of LCA is an example of the application of which of the following types of biotechnology?

A)PCR
B)cloning
C)recombinant DNA technology
D)microarrays
E)genome editing

Question 47

Gene therapy is being used in cancer patients to make healthy cells more tolerant of chemotherapy and to make tumors more vulnerable to chemotherapy.

Question 48

Under which of the following circumstances would a DNA microarray be useful?

A)It would enable a researcher to determine the differences in gene expression between cell types.
B)Researchers are trying to determine if an individual has inherited a genetic disease from their parents.
C)It would enable doctors to determine which genes are responsible for producing diseased tissue in an individual.
D)All of these are circumstances in which a DNA microarray would be useful.
E)None of these are circumstances in which a DNA microarray would be useful.

Question 49

A DNA chip that contains rows of DNA sequences for mutations that indicate the presence of particular genetic disorders is representative of what type of biotechnology?

A)DNA fingerprinting
B)PCR
C)gene pharming
D)DNA microarrays
E)gel electrophoresis

Question 50

Which of the following statements about RNAi are true? Select all that apply.

A)RNAi sequences are designed to be complementary to the rRNA that will function in the translation of a gene of interest.
B)Once the complementary RNAi sequences enter the cell,they bind with the target RNA,producing double-stranded RNA molecules.
C)These double-stranded RNA molecules are then broken down by a series of enzymes within the cell.
D)RNAi is being researched as a potential treatment for a number of human diseases including cancer and hepatitis.

Question 51

Describe the procedure used to produce a transgenic cow that will produce human growth hormone in their milk.

Question 52

Polymerase chain reactions utilize a heat-stable DNA polymerase that was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus.