Deck 2: Models of Abnormality

Question 1

"That's all right.You are doing your best.Don't worry.I'm here for you." A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition.

A) cognitive
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) rational emotive

Answer 1

humanistic

Question 2

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were:

A) instincts,the ego,and the self.
B) biological forces,culture,and learning.
C) consciousness,unconsciousness,and instincts.
D) instinctual needs,rational thinking,and moral standards.

Answer 2

instinctual needs,rational thinking,and moral standards.

Question 3

In the 1960s and 1970s,social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies.The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories:

A) focused primarily on unconscious thoughts,instincts,and conflict.
B) focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life.
C) identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior.
D) discounted the concept of "abnormal" and focused on acceptance.

Answer 3

focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life.

Question 4

A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness.The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty.MOST likely,this therapist is a _____ therapist.

A) behavior-focused
B) cognitive-behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic

Question 5

Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:

A) without any religious belief are the healthiest.
B) who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest.
C) who believe in a higher being are the healthiest.
D) who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness.

Question 6

The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT:

A) social labels and roles.
B) family structure and communication.
C) social networks.
D) past traumatic experiences.

Question 7

Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of:

A) hormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) neurons.
D) genes.

Question 8

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that:

A) religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life.
B) psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion.
C) people who have a religious community to support them are healthier.
D) people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

Question 9

A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will,in fact,become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist.

A) existential
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) behavior-focused

Question 10

The outer layer of the brain is the:

A) cortex.
B) corpus callosum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) amygdala.

Question 11

Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister.As such,he continues to steal her toys.This is an example of:

A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 12

The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning,according to:

A) cognition-focused therapists.
B) behavior-focused therapists.
C) psychoanalysts.
D) humanists.

Question 13

Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Cognitive
C) Humanistic-existential
D) Behavioral

Question 14

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory,the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) ego ideal.

Question 15

Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy?

A) Married couples
B) Any two individuals who live together
C) Individuals who are in a long-term relationship
D) Individuals in a romantic relationship who live together

Question 16

A general term used for Freud's,Adler's,and Jung's theories is:

A) psychiatric.
B) biological.
C) psychodynamic.
D) psychophysical.

Question 17

A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated,depressed,and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as:

A) humanistic.
B) existential.
C) psychodynamic.
D) cognitive.

Question 18

A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences,and that no symptom or behavior is accidental.Because of this,the psychologist explores a client's childhood to explain the adult client's current dysfunctional behavior.This is an example of what kind of psychodynamic theory?

A) Pleasure principle
B) Determinist
C) Ego defense mechanism
D) Object relations

Question 19

The paradigm,or model,adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model.

A) sociocultural
B) biological
C) cognitive
D) demonological

Question 20

Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate?

A) Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce.
B) Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning.
C) There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates.
D) There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy.

Question 21

According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross),the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is:

A) existential.
B) multicultural.
C) psychodynamic.
D) cognitive-behavioral.

Question 22

Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on.This form of learning is called:

A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 23

Marie comes from a supportive,loving family and has a stable socio-economic background.She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency.Anne has distant parents,failing grades,and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression.These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology?

A) Equifinality
B) Eclectic integration
C) Multifinality
D) Timing

Question 24

A patient has loss of cells in the cortex and the basal ganglia.This is a physical aspect of what disease?

A) depression
B) Huntington's disease
C) social anxiety disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 25

Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following?

A) Long-term memory
B) Numerical and spatial reasoning
C) Autonomic nervous system functioning
D) Feelings of social connectedness among teens

Question 26

Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Cognitive
C) Humanistic-existential
D) Behavioral

Question 27

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations,you are probably receiving:

A) humanistic therapy.
B) existential therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 28

During a meeting,Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance.Shonda responds by changing the subject.A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:

A) catharsis.
B) resistance.
C) transference.
D) countertransference.

Question 29

When I was a child,I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house.However,one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water.Since that time,I've never been able to swim in a lake.A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality?

A) Cognitive-behavioral
B) Sociocultural
C) Humanistic-existential
D) Psychodynamic

Question 30

Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A) It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders.
B) It sends brief electrical currents through the brain,stimulating a seizure.
C) Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes.
D) It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior?

A) Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects.
B) This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior.
C) There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness.
D) The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated.

Question 32

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous,courageous,and independent is:

A) authentic.
B) self-actualizing.
C) role-playing.
D) self-aware.

Question 33

If you recognize your worth as a person,Carl Rogers would say that you have developed:

A) spontaneity.
B) unconditional self-regard.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 34

The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:

A) ego theory.
B) self theory.
C) psychoanalytic theory.
D) object relations theory.

Question 35

Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to:

A) increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking.
B) increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear.
C) alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors.
D) use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety.

Question 36

An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:

A) some people do not benefit from drug treatments.
B) drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment.
C) drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior.
D) the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings.

Question 37

The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure,societal norms,and the client's roles in society.

A) existential
B) cognitive-behavioral
C) sociocultural
D) humanistic

Question 38

A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures.This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in:

A) specific brain structures.
B) genetic mutations.
C) congenital malformations.
D) brain circuits.

Question 39

If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people,their relationship is said to be:

A) externalized.
B) cultural.
C) enmeshed.
D) disengaged.

Question 40

Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior?

A) psychodynamic
B) sociocultural
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) humanistic-existential

Question 41

Dontrall observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood.As a result,he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world.According to the behavioral model,Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of:

A) modeling.
B) self-actualization.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 42

_____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors,whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes.

A) Sociocultural; biological
B) Psychodynamic; existential
C) Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral
D) Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic

Question 43

Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology?

A) Family-social
B) Multicultural
C) Psychodynamic
D) Humanistic-existential

Question 44

Which theory has its roots in the philosophical idea that people are constantly evaluating and giving meaning to their existence through their actions?

A) Humanistic
B) Existential
C) Cognitive
D) Behavioral

Question 45

The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of:

A) current thinking in the mental health profession.
B) classic Freudian psychotherapy.
C) conclusions drawn by research scientists.
D) the way in which the mental health profession is moving.

Question 46

The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.

Question 47

A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy.Soon,the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions,rather than just making the decisions herself.This is an example of:

A) catharsis.
B) resistance.
C) transference.
D) free association.

Question 48

A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook.She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely.Based on related research,we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them.

A) very small; selectively
B) large; selectively
C) large; openly
D) small; openly

Question 49

A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse)for a client with alcoholism.The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug.Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug?

A) The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol.
B) The drug addresses (corrects)the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse.
C) The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness.
D) The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting.

Question 50

ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years.Over time,he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now.What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving?

A) Cognitive therapy
B) Biological therapy
C) Psychodynamic therapy
D) Behavior therapy

Question 51

Which of the following dreams is the MOST common?

A) Failing an examination
B) Flying in the air
C) Falling
D) Being chased or pursued

Question 52

The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:

A) challenging irrational cognitions.
B) accepting problematic thoughts.
C) working to change unacceptable thoughts.
D) researching the effectiveness of the therapy.

Question 53

A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog.In her dream,she panics and looks for her dog everywhere.This dream is interpreted to reflect the patient's emotional stress over losing her mother,who is terminally ill.Which is an example of latent content?

A) Losing the dog
B) Having the dream over and over
C) Feeling panicked in the dream
D) Feeling stress about her mother's illness

Question 54

Which is NOT a goal of group therapy?

A) Sharing advice
B) Analyzing dreams
C) Developing insights
D) Building social skills

Question 55

The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive-behavioral
C) humanistic-existential
D) biological

Question 56

According to psychoanalysts,if a patient relives past repressed feelings,that patient is said to have experienced:

A) repression.
B) transference.
C) resistance.
D) catharsis.

Question 57

What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the:

A) defense mechanism.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) reality principle.

Question 58

When treating religious patients,it is recommended that mental health professionals:

A) avoid discussing religion.
B) encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping.
C) explain the connection between religious practices and mental health.
D) caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services.

Question 59

Infants tend to do things that feel good.This is in accord with what Freud called:

A) reflex.
B) the pleasure principle.
C) primary process thought.
D) secondary process thought.

Question 60

Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact.You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money.The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:

A) denial.
B) rationalization.
C) intellectualization.
D) projection.

Question 61

Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality.Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?

A) Cognitive-behavioral
B) Psychodynamic
C) Sociocultural
D) Humanistic-existential

Question 62

Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model?

A) Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder,it does not mean that culture causes the disorder.
B) It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family,rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder.
C) Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders.
D) It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder.

Question 63

A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that:

A) genome mapping is a waste of time.
B) the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different.
C) at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive.
D) people can inherit physical but not mental capacities.

Question 64

In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men,multicultural therapists would focus on:

A) the biological differences between men and women.
B) the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women.
C) prejudice and discrimination faced by women.
D) the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women.

Question 65

Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy?

A) To lessen the power of thoughts
B) To stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others
C) To decrease internal negative self-talk
D) To increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way

Question 66

A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to:

A) prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression.
B) control biological factors by focusing on behavior.
C) replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones.
D) understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors.

Question 67

A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is:

A) using drug therapy along with psychotherapy.
B) prevention.
C) homeostasis.
D) rejecting all conventional forms of explaining abnormality.

Question 68

Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention?

A) Quaternary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Meta

Question 69

Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event.Nevertheless,just before the track meet begins,she thinks,"I can't do this! I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Behavioral-focused
C) Existential
D) Cognition-focused

Question 70

Thoughts,as well as overt behaviors,are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning.The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely:

A) cognitive-behavioral.
B) humanistic-existential.
C) psychodynamic-gestalt.
D) sociocultural.

Question 71

A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression.What is that factor?

A) Low activity of GABA
B) Absence of dopamine
C) Low activity of serotonin
D) Excessive activity of norepinephrine

Question 72

When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied,he was sure that everything was going wrong,that his life was completely off track.This thought is an example of:

A) depression.
B) delusional thinking.
C) overgeneralization.
D) flight of ideas.

Question 73

Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Sociocultural
C) Humanist-existential
D) Cognitive-behavioral

Question 74

Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention?

A) Starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition
B) Passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness
C) Providing routine mental health screenings,followed by immediate intervention as needed
D) Advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals' mental health in the workplace

Question 75

If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns,the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing:

A) couple therapy.
B) family therapy.
C) feminist therapy.
D) self-help therapy.

Question 76

Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park.She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there.However,she went to the restroom to change instead.The force that is in control in this example is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) fixation.

Question 77

If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman,the therapist would try to:

A) point out the client's misconceptions.
B) give insightful interpretations of the client's statements.
C) identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings.
D) show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements.

Question 78

A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder.The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem.This therapy is BEST described as:

A) relational psychoanalytic therapy.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) extended psychoanalytic therapy.
D) short-term psychodynamic therapy.

Question 79

Your first semester of college,you have several midterms you need to study for.Since you don't have time,you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide.Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide,you didn't study for the midterm.After you perform poorly on the exam,you blame your professor.The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:

A) projection.
B) rationalization.
C) intellectualization.
D) displacement.

Question 80

With mindfulness-based therapy techniques,clients would MOST likely be encouraged to:

A) focus on setting goals for the future.
B) let their thoughts flow,without judgment.
C) reject thoughts that are not rational.
D) try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts.