Deck 12: Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

Question 1

Downward drift is BEST reflected in which statement?

A) Poverty and social disruption cause schizophrenia.
B) Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.
C) Genetic factors cause both schizophrenia and poverty.
D) Schizophrenia causes marital disruption,which causes poverty.

Answer 1

Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.

Question 2

A patient lives in a therapeutic community and actively works with staff members to create a life that is as much like that outside the hospital as possible.What kind of treatment is this considered?

A) Token economy
B) Custodial
C) Milieu
D) Back wards

Answer 2

Milieu

Question 3

Which statement BEST fits the evidence for the biological basis of schizophrenia?

A) The gene that causes schizophrenia has been identified in position 21,and it is recessive.
B) Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder,probably impacting brain structure and chemical activity.
C) If someone inherits defects on chromosomes 1-11 and 15-19,that person is likely to experience schizophrenia.
D) Genetic studies have revealed no gene involvement in schizophrenia.

Answer 3

Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder,probably impacting brain structure and chemical activity.

Question 4

Anita has been treated with perphenazine for several years.Recently,she's begun constantly smacking her lips and her legs involuntarily move jerkily.She has also begun to display twitching facial tics.This is an example of:

A) dystonia.
B) akathisia.
C) tardive dyskinesia.
D) neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Question 5

Recently,the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

A) effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin,glutamate,and GABA,as well as dopamine.
B) excessive dopamine activity contributes to only some kinds of schizophrenia.
C) atypical antipsychotic drugs work exclusively on dopamine receptors.
D) those with catatonic schizophrenia respond better to atypical than to traditional antipsychotic drugs.

Question 6

Which of these would provide the strongest evidence to support the theory that schizophrenia is due to socioeconomic factors?

A) evidence showing that people of lower socioeconomic status have higher rates of schizophrenia than those of higher socioeconomic status
B) evidence showing that the risk of schizophrenia is positively correlated with the number of life stressors one has experienced
C) evidence showing that the rate of schizophrenia changes after people have moved from a higher to a lower,or from a lower to a higher socioeconomic status
D) evidence showing that the risk of schizophrenia is negatively correlated with one's annual income

Question 7

According to the viral explanation,the development of schizophrenia is associated with _____ produced by prenatal viral exposure.

A) hormonal imbalances
B) traumatic stress
C) brain abnormalities
D) birth defects

Question 8

A woman proclaims,"I am the Virgin Mary,and I've come to give birth to a new savior." This person is MOST likely experiencing:

A) delusions of reference.
B) delusions of persecution.
C) delusions of grandeur.
D) delusions of control.

Question 9

When first-generation antipsychotic drugs are used today,clinicians typically do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) increase the dosage of a drug when patients do not improve.
B) prescribe an additional antipsychotic drug to produce a synergistic effect.
C) prescribe drugs that remedy the side effects of the antipsychotic drug.
D) gradually reduce medications after patients establish normal functioning.

Question 10

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

A) the severity of the symptoms that are present.
B) the type of symptoms that are present.
C) the duration of symptoms.
D) the number of symptoms.

Question 11

People who attend to their own ideas and fantasies,who are unable to recognize other people's needs and emotions,and who also distance themselves from reality are displaying:

A) poverty of speech.
B) blunted or flat affect.
C) loss of volition.
D) social withdrawal.

Question 12

If schizophrenia depended solely on genetic make-up,then compared to rates of schizophrenia in siblings in general,fraternal twins should have:

A) four times the concordance rate for schizophrenia.
B) twice the concordance rate for schizophrenia.
C) the same concordance rate for schizophrenia.
D) half the concordance rate for schizophrenia.

Question 13

Which is NOT related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia?

A) treatment during the prodromal phase
B) schizophrenia initially triggered by stress
C) schizophrenia developing during late adolescence
D) an abrupt beginning to the disorder

Question 14

Which statement is true of state mental hospitals in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?

A) They were intended to isolate mental patients from the general population.
B) They were built in large cities,so patients could stay in contact with the "real" world.
C) They were overcrowded and understaffed.
D) They were focused on innovative and experimental treatments.

Question 15

Studies indicate that under some circumstances for people with schizophrenia,the _____ tends to be overactive,and the _____ tends to be underactive.

A) hippocampus; thalamus
B) amygdala; substantia nigra
C) prefrontal cortex; hippocampus
D) substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex

Question 16

When using milieu therapy,what is the primary goal?

A) Create a social environment that promotes productive activity,self-respect,and responsibility
B) Decrease inappropriate or maladaptive behavior while increasing appropriate and adaptive behavior
C) Change how the individual thinks about and perceives the social world
D) Isolate those with severe psychological disorders from stressful situations or from environmental factors that trigger psychotic symptoms

Question 17

Evidence suggests that restricted affect among those with schizophrenia may reflect the inability to _____ emotions,not the inability to _____ them.

A) express; feel
B) feel; express
C) label; express
D) feel; label

Question 18

A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized,yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms.This pattern is:

A) typical of what happens in developing countries.
B) typical of what happens in developed countries.
C) unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developing countries,but remission of symptoms is typical in developed countries.
D) unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developed countries,but remission of symptoms is typical in developing countries.

Question 19

Given that schizophrenia is associated with many gene sites,which of these inferences is the MOST illogical?

A) Schizophrenia is complex and varied,so it must be distributed across multiple gene sites.
B) Polygenic disorders require the operation of multiple gene sites compared to disorders that are not polygenic.
C) Eventually,research will narrow down the number of gene sites that are associated with schizophrenia to only a few.
D) Some of the gene sites that are linked to schizophrenia may be purely coincidental and play no role in the disorder at all.

Question 20

A person who lives at home but spends the day at a mental health facility would be using which service?

A) aftercare
B) coordinated services
C) partial hospitalization
D) short-term hospitalization

Question 21

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying:

A) poverty of speech.
B) blunted or flat affect.
C) loss of volition.
D) social withdrawal.

Question 22

David Rosenhan (1973)sent eight people to various psychiatric hospitals.All eight falsely reported hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals,each person acted normally,yet all were diagnosed as having schizophrenia.One of the conclusions from this study is that:

A) clinicians are unable to detect "real" schizophrenia.
B) the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.
C) hospitals can produce schizophrenic behavior in normal people.
D) auditory hallucinations are sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Question 23

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

A) people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.
B) people with certain psychosocial stressors will develop schizophrenia in the absence of a biological predisposition.
C) biological predispositions for schizophrenia override any evidence for the importance of psychosocial stressors.
D) people with certain biological predispositions will develop schizophrenia in the absence of psychosocial stressors.

Question 24

What is currently known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?

A) There is no evidence to suggest that they are related to one another.
B) It is likely that hallucinations and delusions occur together and feed one another.
C) Physiological evidence indicates a physical correlate with delusions,but not hallucinations.
D) Hallucinations cause delusions,but delusions do not cause hallucinations.

Question 25

Lucian always feels like he's been overlooked for all his achievements and that everything anyone says to him is a personal attack.He is extremely jealous of everyone around him and complains whenever other people appear to be getting more attention.This has been going on for a couple of months; he shows no other substantial symptoms.The BEST diagnosis,assuming the feelings of persecution and extreme jealousy has no basis in fact,is:

A) delusional disorder.
B) schizophreniform disorder.
C) paranoid schizophrenia.
D) brief psychotic disorder.

Question 26

What term describes a decrease in the fluency and the productivity of speech often seen in schizophrenia?

A) alogia
B) blocking
C) avolition
D) catatonia

Question 27

Research evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches to treating postpartum psychosis is lacking.All of these are potential reasons for this EXCEPT:

A) finding a sufficient number of research participants is difficult because there are very few instances of the disorder to begin with.
B) the appropriate tools for measuring the efficacy of different treatment approaches have yet to be developed.
C) there are very few funding opportunities to support research investigating the efficacy of different treatment approaches.
D) there are significant ethical concerns related to the various research models proposed to study treatment effectiveness.

Question 28

If the schizophrenia-related brain circuit contains distinctive subcircuits,then one would expect to observe:

A) increased activation in one circuit and decreased activation in another,regardless of the symptoms that are present.
B) increased activation among specific brain structures when the severity of symptoms that are present also increases.
C) one circuit that is more active when positive symptoms are present,and the other more active when negative symptoms are present.
D) circuits that are activated by similar brain structures,but with one being more intensely activated than the other.

Question 29

Which statement about schizophrenia is TRUE?

A) People with schizophrenia are often misdiagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder.
B) People with schizophrenia hide their symptoms and can generally function well in a variety of contexts.
C) Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than women.
D) Psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia,but it can also occur in other disorders.

Question 30

The finding that the highest rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?

A) the viral theory
B) the genetic theory
C) the dopamine theory
D) the biochemical theory

Question 31

What is a case manager's primary goal when treating schizophrenia?

A) coordinating services
B) finding employment for clients
C) training staff
D) administering medication

Question 32

Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:

A) the sudden loss of social status a woman experiences immediately after giving birth.
B) maternal diabetes,which is at its worst during and after childbirth.
C) feelings of diminished worth,combined with anxiety related to child care.
D) a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth.

Question 33

Milieu therapy is based primarily on the principles of _____ psychology.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 34

Zach is a resident in a psychiatric ward.He receives a plastic chip whenever he gets dressed on his own,speaks normally,and follows ward rules.He can then exchange the plastic chips he has earned for extra privileges,such as food,cigarettes,or time playing video games.This example illustrates the basic features of:

A) a token economy.
B) milieu therapy.
C) social therapy.
D) a behavioral contract.

Question 35

Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms anymore.Occasionally,a shadow of a symptom appears.She is a bit withdrawn and not entirely clear all the time,but she can marginally function in the world.This is an example of:

A) the residual phase of schizophrenia.
B) catatonic schizophrenia.
C) paranoid schizophrenia.
D) undifferentiated schizophrenia.

Question 36

A modern psychodynamic theorist is MOST likely to say:

A) "Fromm-Reichmann was right; schizophrenogenic mothers cause most cases of schizophrenia."
B) "Fromm-Reichmann was wrong; schizophrenogenic fathers cause most cases of schizophrenia."
C) "Having a fragmented sense of self leads to biological abnormalities."
D) "Biological abnormalities predispose people to develop a fragmented sense of self."

Question 37

A person is socially withdrawn,speaks in odd ways,has strange ideas,and expresses little emotion,but that person is not displaying full-blown schizophrenic symptoms.What phase of schizophrenia is this person in?

A) prodromal
B) active
C) residual
D) either prodromal or residual

Question 38

Which statement about hallucinations is FALSE?

A) Hallucinations are experienced by people with disorders other than schizophrenia.
B) Hallucinations are different from perceptual illusions.
C) Hallucinations have historically been a sign of a psychological disorder.
D) Hallucinations that are unrelated to a disorder or substance ingestion have been reported by many people.

Question 39

In 2001,Andrea Yates,showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis,drowned her five children.Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis,her actions were:

A) typical; almost all women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring.
B) typical; at least 75 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring.
C) somewhat typical; about 50 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring.
D) atypical; less than 5 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

Question 40

A particular country has a nearly 3 percent prevalence for schizophrenia.That country:

A) has a normal schizophrenia prevalence.
B) has a lower-than-average schizophrenia prevalence.
C) has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalence.
D) has such a high schizophrenia prevalence that it almost certainly is a developing country.

Question 41

Compared with those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries,those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are:

A) less likely to recover fully and more likely to be hospitalized.
B) less likely to recover fully and less likely to be hospitalized.
C) more likely to recover fully and more likely to be hospitalized.
D) more likely to recover fully and less likely to be hospitalized.

Question 42

The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggests that brain abnormalities,and therefore schizophrenia,result from viral exposure:

A) before birth.
B) between birth and two years old.
C) during puberty.
D) during the two years just after puberty.

Question 43

Leonardo believes that his favorite TV show is giving him a coded message and that the main character speaks directly and personally to him.He decides to go to the filming location to talk to the main character.Leonardo is suffering from:

A) delusions of persecution.
B) delusions of grandeur.
C) delusions of reference.
D) delusions of control.

Question 44

According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1948),schizophrenia is caused by:

A) an excess of dopamine.
B) a schizophrenogenic mother.
C) regression to a stage of primary narcissism.
D) brain abnormalities.

Question 45

How is social withdrawal related to avolition?

A) They appear to be behaviorally different,but each has similar underlying features.
B) They are both negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) They both rely on similar structures in the motor cortex.
D) They both appear at similar points during the time-course of schizophrenia.

Question 46

If a study showed that reinforced behavior produces a significant increase in dopamine activation compared to nonreinforced behavior,then this would lend some support for which claim?

A) Reinforcement is a potential cause of schizophrenic symptoms.
B) Schizophrenic behavior produces greater reinforcement than other behaviors.
C) People with catatonic symptoms produce few reinforced behaviors.
D) When dopamine levels are decreased,people are more likely to engage in behaviors that produce reinforcement than behaviors that do not produce reinforcement.

Question 47

People who display both a severe mental disorder and a substance use disorder are referred to as:

A) mentally ill chemical abusers.
B) cause-and-effect users.
C) secondary effect abusers.
D) uncontrollable chronic users.

Question 48

Irene is schizophrenic.She and her family were struggling until they found other families with schizophrenic members who offered support,encouragement,and advice.Irene and her family are MOST likely be participating in:

A) family psychoeducational programs.
B) family milieu therapy.
C) joint drug treatment.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 49

In the first half of the twentieth century,what did institutions use as the most common treatment for troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia?

A) drugs
B) beatings
C) solitary confinement
D) physical restraints

Question 50

The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:

A) visual.
B) tactile.
C) auditory.
D) olfactory.

Question 51

Although token economies can change delusional behavior,_____ may not change.

A) catatonic symptoms
B) appropriate behaviors
C) delusional thinking
D) facial expressions

Question 52

What activates the HPA pathway?

A) stressful events
B) exposure to toxins
C) dopamine antagonists
D) hallucinations

Question 53

What accurately describes the term psychosis?

A) a split personality
B) loss of contact with reality
C) brain seizures
D) drug abuse

Question 54

The cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia:

A) provides a complete explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.
B) provides no explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) has not been explored to further understand the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 55

The link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that:

A) lowering dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms.
B) the use of L-dopa can reduce schizophrenic symptoms.
C) antipsychotic drugs can block Parkinsonian symptoms.
D) dopamine-receiving synapses in persons with schizophrenia are apparently inactive.

Question 56

If you could "get inside the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations,you would MOST likely find that:

A) the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in the brain.
B) the person knows that the hallucinations are fictional.
C) hallucinations and delusions are coded in the same place in the person's brain.
D) the person is aware of auditory hallucinations but not aware of other types of hallucinations.

Question 57

MOST contemporary psychodynamic theorists would agree with which statement?

A) Schizophrenogenic mothers confuse their children,resulting in their children being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
B) Schizophrenogenic mothers,if they do exist,don't create children with schizophrenia.
C) Schizophrenogenia should be applied to fathers as well as to mothers.
D) Schizophrenogenia has been supported by research as an important contributor to schizophrenia.

Question 58

If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors,is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened? This question would MOST likely be asked by what type of theorist?

A) a biological theorist
B) a cognitive-behavioral theorist
C) a psychodynamic theorist
D) a sociocultural theorist

Question 59

Which type of therapy has clients interact with computer-generated on-screen virtual human figures in an attempt to help them overcome their psychological problems?

A) psychotherapy
B) family therapy
C) avatar therapy
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 60

Displaying emotions that are unsuited to the situation is called:

A) alogia.
B) manic disorder.
C) inappropriate affect.
D) intermediate affect.

Question 61

In the middle of a calm conversation,a person with Tourette's syndrome might suddenly begin shouting and follow that with a string of obscenities.This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:

A) blunted and flat affect.
B) inappropriate affect.
C) poverty of speech.
D) loss of volition.

Question 62

If relatives of a person with schizophrenia come to have more realistic expectations,reduce their guilt,and work on establishing better communication,they are probably receiving:

A) milieu therapy.
B) social therapy.
C) family therapy.
D) insight therapy.

Question 63

Trent is at home,watching a movie with his partner and children.Suddenly,he smells smoke from a campfire.However,no one else can smell the smoke and there is no fire.What is Trent experiencing?

A) auditory hallucinations
B) olfactory hallucinations
C) visual hallucinations
D) somatic hallucinations

Question 64

How is catatonic stupor related to loss of volition?

A) They appear to be behaviorally similar,but each has different underlying features.
B) They are both negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) They both rely on similar structures in the motor cortex.
D) They both appear at similar points during the time-course of schizophrenia.

Question 65

The stage of the development of schizophrenia that is marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:

A) active phase.
B) residual phase.
C) prodromal phase.
D) premorbid phase.

Question 66

Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:

A) had hallucinations but no delusions.
B) showed delusions but no hallucinations.
C) demonstrated good premorbid functioning.
D) had primarily negative rather than positive signs.

Question 67

Which is the BEST example of a finding from genetic linkage and molecular biology studies?

A) The brains of those with schizophrenia are structured differently from the brains of those without schizophrenia.
B) Those with schizophrenia process certain neurotransmitters differently from those without schizophrenia.
C) Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia.
D) Biological relatives of those with schizophrenia are at greatest risk for schizophrenia.

Question 68

If a person receives L-dopa,a precursor of dopamine,it reduces the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.However,L-dopa may increase symptoms of schizophrenia.What can reasonably be concluded from this?

A) L-dopa causes schizophrenia.
B) Excessive dopamine produces schizophrenia-like symptoms.
C) Antipsychotic medication decreases the amount of L-dopa in the brain.
D) Antipsychotic medication increases the amount of dopamine in the brain.

Question 69

Deidre is emotionless,even when she hears sad or happy news.She also complains about hearing voices telling her that the newly installed security system in her home is actually recording her.At times,she remains motionless in her chair for hours.When she does get out of her chair,she poses like the statue in the town square.Which of these represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A) showing no emotions
B) hearing voices in her head
C) remaining motionless
D) posing like a statue

Question 70

One of the main risk factors associated with developing postpartum psychosis is:

A) giving birth to twins.
B) having a first child after age 35.
C) having a history of schizophrenia or a mood disorder.
D) having a history of stressful life events during pregnancy.

Question 71

What symptom of schizophrenia is most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs?

A) delusions
B) flat affect
C) lack of speech
D) avolition

Question 72

Jerry,who is middle-aged,experiences many negative symptoms of schizophrenia,and he often appears profoundly depressed.The symptoms have lasted almost a year.What does this exemplify?

A) a shared psychotic disorder
B) an undifferentiated type of schizophrenia
C) schizophreniform disorder
D) schizoaffective disorder

Question 73

A new medication for schizophrenia appears to work because it blocks dopamine from binding to receptors.Which receptor is the least likely to be affected?

A) D-1 receptor
B) D-2 receptor
C) D-3 receptor
D) D-4 receptor

Question 74

Somatic hallucinations are:

A) feelings that something is happening inside the body.
B) perceptions of tingling,burning,or electric-shock sensations.
C) when food or drink tastes strange on a regular basis.
D) odors that no one else smells.

Question 75

Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all EXCEPT:

A) intrude on one another's privacy.
B) frequently express negative emotions toward each other.
C) show hostility toward each other.
D) approve of one another's actions.

Question 76

Based on family pedigree studies,which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder?

A) niece
B) sister
C) child
D) fraternal twin

Question 77

Kelly was diagnosed with schizophrenia.Now her family and friends treat her differently,attributing every different or weird behavior from Kelly to her disorder.This observation is MOST consistent with the _____ understanding of schizophrenia.

A) psychodynamic
B) family systems
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) sociocultural

Question 78

The _____ states that a person with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if he or she subsequently experiences significant life stressors or other negative events.

A) cognitive-behavioral perspective
B) family stress model
C) diathesis-stress model
D) sociocultural perspective

Question 79

Regarding likelihood of recovery and types of symptoms exhibited,which would be the WORST disorder to have?

A) Type I schizophrenia
B) Type II schizophrenia
C) Type III schizophrenia
D) Type IV schizophrenia

Question 80

Hallucinations are to _____,as delusions are to _____.

A) cognition; emotion
B) perceptions; beliefs
C) positive symptoms; negative symptoms
D) psychosis; neurosis