Deck 3: Clinical Assessment, diagnosis, and Treatment

Question 1

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A) The DSM has remained largely unchanged since its first edition.
B) The DSM was originally developed by the World Health Organization.
C) The DSM served as the model for the classification system that Emil Kraepelin later developed.
D) The classification system that Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM.

Answer 1

The classification system that Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM.

Question 2

Which procedure is NOT a form of neuroimaging?

A) an MRI
B) a CT scan
C) a DEXA scan
D) a PET scan

Answer 2

a DEXA scan

Question 3

Because people who exhibit mania have very elevated moods,a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs.This test has:

A) high face validity.
B) low face validity.
C) no face validity.
D) masked face validity.

Answer 3

high face validity.

Question 4

Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?

A) its high validity
B) that it asks only open-ended questions
C) the chance to get a general sense of the client
D) the reliability of the technique

Question 5

A participant observer experiencing overload would MOST likely say,"I simply can't:

A) write down all the important things I'm seeing."
B) concentrate on my observations anymore."
C) be impartial anymore."
D) be sure the person I'm observing is acting like she usually would."

Question 6

Which statement is TRUE regarding the reliability of DSM-5?

A) Research studies have consistently shown very high reliability across all diagnoses.
B) Reliability is highest for newer diagnoses that were not included in DSM-I.
C) Reliability is highest for diagnoses that have been included since DSM-I.
D) Some research studies have reported better reliability with DSM-5 over earlier versions,but other studies have not.

Question 7

Graduate school personnel review applying students' test scores,college grades,and relevant experience to determine who will be granted admission.This is similar to a clinician engaging in:

A) assessment.
B) diagnosis.
C) treatment.
D) classification.

Question 8

A clinical psychologist says that she selects the best treatment for a client based on the current recommendations outlined in research studies.This clinical psychologist believes in using:

A) intuitively based treatment.
B) culture-constrained treatment.
C) evidence-based treatment.
D) meta-analytical treatment.

Question 9

The test that reports the person's results on clinical scales such as "hypochondriasis" and "psychopathic deviate" is the:

A) sentence-completion test.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

Question 10

A clinical diagnostician is dissatisfied with tests that cannot specify the type of brain damage or brain impairment that clients have.The BEST suggestion for that diagnostician would be to use:

A) the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.
B) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
C) the Beck Inventory.
D) a battery of neuropsychological tests.

Question 11

Compared with projective tests,personality inventories generally have:

A) greater reliability and greater validity.
B) greater reliability and poorer validity.
C) poorer reliability but greater validity.
D) poorer reliability and poorer validity.

Question 12

During a session with a client,Dr.Dorsett asks a client to talk about himself.When the client begins to speak,Dr.Dorsett asks a follow-up question based on an interesting point the client made.There are few constraints on the conversation.Dr.Dorsett has just:

A) used free association.
B) conducted an unstructured interview.
C) completed a response inventory.
D) employed a projective test.

Question 13

What is a factor that might inhibit the use of effective assessment tools?

A) Too few clinicians are sufficiently trained to use these tools.
B) Many tools are simplistic in their design,allowing clients to figure out the "right" answer.
C) There are an incredibly large number of assessments to select from.
D) Most assessment tools are expensive to administer and evaluate.

Question 14

Which statement is the BEST conclusion about the various assessment techniques?

A) There is one standard assessment battery used by all clinicians in every situation.
B) Respect for assessment is on the rise.
C) Clinicians have abandoned the use of assessment.
D) Assessment is used at the beginning of therapy but not thereafter.

Question 15

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area,the clinician would use a:

A) response inventory.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) measure of reliability.
D) validity assessment.

Question 16

Symptoms such as sadness,loss of appetite,and low energy cluster together to form a:

A) treatment.
B) classification system.
C) syndrome.
D) medical condition.

Question 17

A client with autism is being simultaneously treated by a psychiatrist and a psychologist.This represents a:

A) dual diagnosis.
B) rapprochement.
C) uniform approach.
D) combined approach.

Question 18

After a client shares his or her DSM diagnosis with others,people may treat the client differently,and the client may act accordingly.Many theorists would attribute this to the development of:

A) generalized anxiety.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) a somatic symptom disorder,as opposed to a psychiatric disorder.
D) a crisis of faith.

Question 19

Which of the following is a concern about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 diagnoses?

A) categories that reflect gender or racial bias
B) categories based on too much field research
C) categories with overly restrictive descriptions
D) categories too few in number for the field

Question 20

A clinician has developed a new assessment tool.Clients write stories about their problems,and then two different judges independently evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written.Which UNIQUE reliability consideration applies to this type of assessment?

A) interrater reliability
B) observer reliability
C) face reliability
D) test-retest reliability

Question 21

The process of evaluating a person's progress after he or she has been in treatment is called a:

A) nomothetic approach.
B) clinical assessment.
C) behavioral diagnosis.
D) functional analysis.

Question 22

Ethan is consumed with concern that his house will burn down.Before he leaves,he makes sure that all his appliances are unplugged.He often has to go back home and check to make sure he did not leave any plugged in.Which MMPI-2 scale would he MOST likely score high on?

A) schizophrenia scale
B) psychasthenia scale
C) social introversion scale
D) psychopathic deviate scale

Question 23

If a person had his brain waves recorded to measure electrical activity,he MOST likely had a(n):

A) positron emission tomography (PET)scan.
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)scan.
C) computerized axial tomography (CAT)scan.
D) electroencephalogram (EEG).

Question 24

Approximately how many mental disorders does the DSM-5 list?

A) 200
B) 300
C) 400
D) 500

Question 25

The three MOST common factors that contribute to a positive treatment outcome are client factors,therapist factors,and:

A) the client-therapist relationship.
B) evidence-based treatment.
C) family involvement.
D) treatment support.

Question 26

In DSM-5,Asperger's syndrome is classified under which new category?

A) autistic disorder
B) disruptive mood dysregulation
C) autism spectrum disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 27

Which tool is designed to uncover counterproductive patterns of thinking?

A) the MMPI-2
B) a Rorschach test
C) an affective inventory
D) a cognitive inventory

Question 28

The MOST legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their:

A) validity.
B) cultural fairness.
C) reliability.
D) standardization.

Question 29

Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called:

A) psychotherapy.
B) assessment.
C) diagnosis.
D) triage.

Question 30

To obtain the clearest and most accurate picture of the physical anatomy of the brain to aid in the diagnosis of a psychological disorder,the method of choice would be a(n):

A) MMPI-2.
B) fMRI.
C) EEG.
D) PET scan.

Question 31

A new test for anxiety is initially given to individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams.Their scores are used as the norm.It is later determined that the new test lacks adequate standardization.What is the MOST likely reason for that,based on this information?

A) The test was initially administered to students,but in practice,it was administered to nonstudents as well.
B) Students about to take an exam would likely be experiencing higher than normal anxiety.
C) The initial test was administered before the students took their exams rather than after the exams.
D) All of the students' initial scores were used in determining the norms for scoring the live tests.

Question 32

An assessor misinterprets a cultural response about spiritualism as pathological delusion.Who is MOST at risk for making this misinterpretation?

A) a male assessor
B) a female assessor
C) a dominant-culture assessor
D) an ethnic-minority assessor

Question 33

The clinical interview can be used as an assessment tool,but it is limited by:

A) a lack of validity in minority groups.
B) a rigid approach.
C) the clinician's possible overreliance on first impressions.
D) the time gap between client sessions.

Question 34

Which statement about the current use of projective techniques by clinicians is TRUE?

A) Projective tests are no longer used.
B) Projective tests are being increasingly used by humanistic clinicians.
C) Projective tests,when used,serve as a secondary source of insight about clients.
D) Projective tests have a more prominent place in the clinician's repertoire than they did 50 years ago.

Question 35

Compared with the original DSM,which was published in 1952,DSM-5 has:

A) more than five times as many diagnostic categories.
B) approximately twice as many diagnostic categories.
C) slightly more diagnostic categories.
D) slightly fewer diagnostic categories.

Question 36

Studies of diagnostic conclusions made by clinicians show that clinicians:

A) do not emphasize information gathered early in the assessment process.
B) pay too much attention to certain sources of information.
C) ask for consultations in approximately half of their cases.
D) take overt measures to prevent their biases from playing a role in their decisions.

Question 37

A campus newspaper publishes an Exam Anxiety test that newspaper staffers put together one evening just before their publishing deadline.Despite its hasty construction,the test MOST likely has:

A) standardization.
B) predictive validity.
C) face validity.
D) concurrent validity.

Question 38

Which of the following is a valid critique of the use of response inventories?

A) They do not have good face validity.
B) They have a long development cycle.
C) They are standardized too rigidly.
D) They are not well tested.

Question 39

What is the movement that has tried to find the common factors and strategies that "good" therapists use?

A) the rapprochement movement
B) the idiosyncratics movement
C) the uniformity movement
D) the particularity movement

Question 40

What kind of inventory asks about one's level of anxiety,depression,or anger?

A) a cognitive inventory
B) a social skills inventory
C) a functional inventory
D) an affective inventory

Question 41

To study the general effectiveness of treatment,Smith and Glass and their colleagues performed a(n):

A) meta-analysis of many studies.
B) analysis of their clinical cases.
C) survey of many clients who had received therapy.
D) controlled study that involved random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions.

Question 42

According to the text,intelligence must be measured indirectly.What might be a reason for this?

A) Intelligence is an inferred quality.
B) Direct visualization of the physical processes is not possible.
C) What is defined as intelligence is constantly changing.
D) It is too expensive to directly measure intelligence.

Question 43

Which factor differentiates DSM-5 from earlier versions of the DSM?

A) Psychologists,not psychiatrists,are primarily responsible for DSM-5.
B) Psychiatrists,not psychologists,are primarily responsible for DSM-5.
C) DSM-5 does not require both dimensional and categorical information.
D) DSM-5 requires both dimensional and categorical information.

Question 44

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5)was developed by the:

A) American Psychoanalytic Association.
B) American Psychiatric Association.
C) American Psychological Association.
D) American Phrenological Association.

Question 45

Which statement BEST describes why treatment outcomes vary in clients?

A) Success of treatment is largely dependent on the client's expectations regarding therapy.
B) Many factors,both on the client side and on the clinician side,can affect therapy outcomes.
C) A large number of clinicians do not use standardized rating scales to monitor client progress during therapy.
D) Clients commonly try to self-medicate and manage their symptoms on their own rather than adhering to prescribed therapies.

Question 46

Which is NOT a concern associated with DSM-5?

A) lack of input from clinical advisors
B) weak field research
C) gender bias
D) racial bias

Question 47

On average,patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem improve more than do what percent of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 48

"Let's just do away with diagnoses," says a clinician."All we do is make things worse." That clinician's viewpoint is:

A) shared by a strong majority of those working in the area of abnormality.
B) shared by almost no one working in the area of abnormality.
C) shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality.
D) represented in DSM-5,which does not require a specific diagnosis.

Question 49

The therapy found to be most effective for treating phobias is:

A) drug therapy.
B) Gestalt therapy.
C) electroconvulsive therapy.
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 50

One reason to question the validity of clinical interviews is that:

A) people respond differently to different interviewers.
B) people may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race.
C) on different days,people might describe themselves differently.
D) interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.

Question 51

During a session,a clinician asks the patient to illustrate something; the clinician then focuses on where on the page the drawing is placed,the size of the drawing,and the parts the patient omitted.What test did the patient likely just take?

A) Rorschach
B) TAT
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
D) Draw-a-Person

Question 52

A person taking a polygraph test is suspected of lying when measures of physiological variables such as heart rate and perspiration are:

A) higher for control questions than for test questions.
B) higher for test questions than for control questions.
C) evenly high for test questions and control questions.
D) unchanging for test questions and control questions.

Question 53

During a session,a client views several photos that depict people in different social scenarios.As the client views the pictures,the clinician asks the client to fabricate a story to explain what is happening in each picture.The patient is taking:

A) the Rorschach test.
B) the Thematic Apperception Test.
C) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
D) an intelligence test.

Question 54

Those who develop standard treatment guidelines for each disorder based on research findings and who then share that information with clinicians are promoting:

A) meta-analysis.
B) rapprochement.
C) standardized coding.
D) empirically supported treatment.

Question 55

Studies that seek to avoid the uniformity myth focus on the:

A) effectiveness of treatment in general.
B) effectiveness of specific treatment approaches.
C) differences in clinical presentation of a specific disorder.
D) differences in clinicians' experiences in implementing treatments.

Question 56

What is the relationship between the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)and DSM-5?

A) The psychological disorders and related diagnostic criteria are identical in both publications.
B) DSM-5 contains some psychological disorders not listed in the ICD,but for those that are listed in both publications,the descriptions and diagnostic criteria are identical.
C) The two publications do not include identical lists of psychological disorders; for those disorders listed in both,the DSM-5 descriptions and diagnostic criteria are often more detailed.
D) The ICD does not include any psychological disorders.

Question 57

A student who is quiet in class might be the life of the party on the weekend.Clinical observation of that student in class would lack:

A) observer bias.
B) validity.
C) reactivity.
D) an analog.

Question 58

If a panel of experts evaluates test results and clinical interviews with a client and all arrive at the same diagnosis,that diagnosis is said to have high:

A) internal validity.
B) predictive validity.
C) interrater reliability.
D) test-retest reliability.

Question 59

What kind of inventory asks about how one would act with others in a variety of situations?

A) a cognitive inventory
B) a social skills inventory
C) a functional inventory
D) an affective inventory

Question 60

A client reports having infrequent,but extremely disturbing,tactile hallucinations.What is the MOST useful way to gather information about this person?

A) client self-monitoring
B) naturalistic observations
C) structured observations
D) a neuropsychological battery

Question 61

Which statement about clinical interviews is TRUE?

A) Research shows that most clients speak objectively about their own behavior.
B) Clinicians' biases can influence how they interpret the information obtained from clinical interviews.
C) Clinicians agree that the clinical interview is the most useful clinical assessment tool.
D) Clients share more details with clinicians who are viewed as cool and distant.

Question 62

In evaluating lie-detection methods,researchers have noted that magnetic resonance imaging:

A) is not useful in detecting lies.
B) is better than polygraphs at detecting lies.
C) does not produce false-positive readings.
D) provides consistent rates of detection in multiple studies.

Question 63

A person is diagnosed as having severe generalized anxiety disorder.Generalized anxiety disorder represents which part of the diagnosis?

A) primary information
B) additional information
C) dimensional information
D) categorical information

Question 64

An institutionalized individual behaving abnormally says,"The doctor claims I'm schizophrenic! How else would you expect me to act?" The individual's comments reflect:

A) a misdiagnosis.
B) the presence of a comorbidity.
C) a misunderstanding of multiaxial diagnosis.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 65

Which statement is the BEST response about a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence?

A) Although they are used widely,polygraph results are not particularly reliable.
B) The APA endorses their use.
C) On average,50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies.
D) Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials.

Question 66

A 13-year-old makes notable errors in accuracy on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.This finding suggests:

A) drift.
B) psychasthenia.
C) organic brain impairment.
D) attention-deficit disorder.

Question 67

A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia.Of the 100 people the test identifies,93 show signs that they will develop schizophrenia within five years.The test may be said to have high:

A) internal reliability.
B) predictive validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) test-retest reliability.

Question 68

Research studies evaluating how effective individual therapies are at treating particular disorders have commonly reported:

A) significant differences among therapies.
B) minor differences among therapies.
C) no differences among therapies.
D) no differences among therapies and placebo treatment.

Question 69

Which of the following tests is a personality inventory?

A) TAT
B) MMPI-2
C) Rorschach
D) Draw-a-Person

Question 70

The technique that uses X rays of the brain taken at different angles to create a static picture of the structure of the brain is called:

A) electroencephalography.
B) magnetic resonance imaging.
C) position emission tomography.
D) computerized axial tomography.

Question 71

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)designed a new neuroscience-focused classification tool as an alternative to DSM-5.This tool is called the:

A) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC).
B) Beck Depression Inventory.
C) International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
D) Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.

Question 72

A present-day clinician uses terms like dementia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories.That clinician is using terms:

A) common to both DSM-5 and previous forms of the DSM.
B) not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM.
C) used in DSM-5 but not used in previous forms of the DSM.
D) not used in either DSM-5 or in previous forms of the DSM.

Question 73

Among other questions,a clinical interviewer asks,"How do you feel about yourself today? How do you feel about what's going on in your life?" MOST likely,the clinical interviewer's orientation is:

A) biological.
B) cognitive-behavioral.
C) psychodynamic.
D) humanistic.

Question 74

Use of projective tests has decreased in the past few decades because projective tests often have:

A) interrater reliability that is too high.
B) poor validity.
C) rigid scoring standards.
D) bias against majority groups.

Question 75

A client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure,after which the client verbally answers a series of questions.This is a(n):

A) projective test.
B) psychophysiological test.
C) neuropsychological test.
D) affective response inventory.

Question 76

A clinician can include three kinds of information in making a diagnosis: a diagnostic category,a severity rating for the disorder,and additional information about possibly relevant psychosocial factors.According to DSM-5,a clinician is required to include:

A) all three kinds of information.
B) a diagnostic category and additional information but not a severity rating.
C) a diagnostic category and a severity rating but not additional information.
D) a diagnostic category and a severity rating but only additional psychosocial information.

Question 77

The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:

A) they allow for comparison of a client's behavior against a norm.
B) the responses come from the client's unconscious.
C) they stimulate abnormal behaviors that the clinician can observe.
D) patient responses to specific stimuli will uncover specific disorders.

Question 78

A client complains of a phobia.Two lines of questioning by the clinician concern the specific object of the phobia (first line)and what the person does when confronted with that object (second line).This clinician's orientation is MOST likely:

A) biological.
B) cognitive-behavioral.
C) humanistic.
D) sociocultural.

Question 79

A person knows he is being observed and changes his behavior to make a good impression.What is this known as?

A) observer drift
B) observer bias
C) reactivity
D) naturalistic change

Question 80

Which test is NOT a projective test?

A) Rorschach test
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C) Draw-a-Person test
D) Thematic Apperception Test